Fundamental vibration water molecules

Although we have been able to see on inspection which vibrational fundamentals of water and acetylene are infrared active, in general this is not the case. It is also not the case for vibrational overtone and combination tone transitions. To be able to obtain selection mles for all infrared vibrational transitions in any polyatomic molecule we must resort to symmetry arguments. 

Color from Vibrations and Rotations. Vibrational excitation states occur in H2O molecules in water. The three fundamental frequencies occur in the infrared at more than 2500 nm, but combinations and overtones of these extend with very weak intensities just into the red end of the visible and cause the blue color of water and of ice when viewed in bulk (any green component present derives from algae, etc). This phenomenon is normally seen only in H2O, where the lightest atom H and very strong hydrogen bonding combine to move the fundamental vibrations closer to the visible than in any other material. 

In the construction of the matrix F of Eq. (63), the symmetrical equivalence of the two O-H bonds was taken into account. Nevertheless, it contains four independent force constants. As the water molecule has but three fundamental vibrational frequencies, at least one interaction constant must be neglected or some other constraint introduced. If all of the off-diagonal elements of F are neglected, the two principal constants, f, and / constitute the valence force field for this molecule. However, to reproduce the three observed vibrational frequencies this force field must be modified to include the interaction constant... 

When exposed to electromagnetic radiation of the appropriate energy, typically in the infrared, a molecule can interact with the radiation and absorb it, exciting the molecule into the next higher vibrational energy level. For the ideal harmonic oscillator, the selection rules are Av = +1 that is, the vibrational energy can only change by one quantum at a time. However, for anharmonic oscillators, weaker overtone transitions due to Av = +2, + 3, etc. may also be observed because of their nonideal behavior. For polyatomic molecules with more than one fundamental vibration, e.g., as seen in Fig. 3.1a for the water molecule, both overtones and... 

The three fundamental vibrations of the nonlinear, triatomic water molecule can be depicted as follows ... 

When an electron is injected into a polar solvent such as water or alcohols, the electron is solvated and forms so-called the solvated electron. This solvated electron is considered the most basic anionic species in solutions and it has been extensively studied by variety of experimental and theoretical methods. Especially, the solvated electron in water (the hydrated electron) has been attracting much interest in wide fields because of its fundamental importance. It is well-known that the solvated electron in water exhibits a very broad absorption band peaked around 720 nm. This broad absorption is mainly attributed to the s- p transition of the electron in a solvent cavity. Recently, we measured picosecond time-resolved Raman scattering from water under the resonance condition with the s- p transition of the solvated electron, and found that strong transient Raman bands appeared in accordance with the generation of the solvated electron [1]. It was concluded that the observed transient Raman scattering was due to the water molecules that directly interact with the electron in the first solvation shell. Similar results were also obtained by a nanosecond Raman study [2]. This finding implies that we are now able to study the solvated electron by using vibrational spectroscopy. In this paper, we describe new information about the ultrafast dynamics of the solvated electron in water, which are obtained by time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. 

Figure 1. Fundamental vibration modes of a water molecule.

Taking the example of the water molecule, a non-linear triatomic, one expects three fundamental vibrations. If a simple harmonic potential is applied, one could write... 

In the following we present results on fundamental vibrational transitions of isolated AT base pairs microsolvated with 1-4 water molecules. The aim of this study is twofold First to find out about overall changes of IR transitions of base pair modes due to the interaction with water molecules. And, second, to test the performance of a dual level approach combining density functional (DFT) and semiempirical PM3 data to expand the PES. Throughout we will assume that the deviations from equilibrium structures are small enough such... 

Fundamental vibrations involve no change in the center of gravity of the molecule. The three fundamental vibrations of the nonlinear, triatomic water molecule are depicted in the top portion of Figure 2.1. Note the very close spacing of the interacting or coupled asymmetric and symmetric stretching compared with the far-removed scissoring mode. 

A nonlinear molecule with n atoms generally has 3n — 6 fundamental vibrational modes. Water (3 atoms) has 3(3) -6 = 3 fundamental modes, as shown in the preceding figure. Methanol has 3(6) - 6 = 12 fundamental modes, and ethanol has 3(9) - 6 = 21 fundamental modes. We also observe combinations and multiples (overtones) of these simple fundamental vibrational modes. As you can see, the number of absorptions in an infrared spectrum can be quite large, even for simple molecules. 

Fig. 41. Schematic representation of the fundamental vibrations of the bent triatomic molecules of sulfur dioxide, SO2, hydrogen sulfide, HjS, and water, HjO...

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