Functional groups tables

Melting points, boiling points, densities, and refractive indexes for carboxyUc acids vary widely depending on molecular weight, stmcture, and the presence of unsaturation or other functional groups (Tables 1,2,3, and 5). In addition, some useful constants for alkanoic acids are Hsted in Table 1. Some constants for selected unsaturated and substituted acids are given in Table 7. 

Resins for advanced composites can be classified according to their chemistry typical resins are polyaryletherketones, polysulfides, polysulfones, and a very broad class of polyimides containing one or more additional functional groups (Table 2) (see also Engineering plastics). 

Functional groups are either attached to the carbon backbone of a molecule or form part of that chain. Examples are the chlorine atom in chloroethane, CH3CH2CI, and the OFF group in ethanol, CFF CI OFi. Carbon-carbon multiple bonds, such as the double bond in 2-butene, are also often considered functional groups. Table 19.1 lists the most common functional groups. Double and triple carbon-carbon bonds were considered in Chapter 18. In the following eight... 

The capacity of complexing of humic substances is ascribed to their oxygen-based functional group (table 8.19). 

Although the structure of the complex arising from I52/CH2CI2 is not clear, this catalyst is excellent in terms of ease of preparation. The catalyst is very active for formation of cycloalkynes with ring sizes different from those of diynes (Table 6.5). In contrast to tungsten alkylidyne complex 150, catalyst 152/ CH2CI2 is sensitive toward an acidic proton such as amide proton and exhibited remarkable tolerance towards many polar functional groups (Table 6.5). 

This process has, however, not yet found industrial application. Similarly, poly-isoprenoids can be epoxidized regioselectively in co-position to functional groups (Table 4, No. 16-19) Polymer-bound mediators can also be used in this... 

The alcohols (alkanols) form another homologous series with the general formula C H2 +1OH (or R— OH, where R represents an alkyl group). All the alcohols possess an -OH as the functional group. Table 15.2 shows the names and condensed formulae of the first four members along with their melting and boiling points. 

Some Common Pesticides Containing Urea Functional Group Table 2.19.3... 

Carbon compounds can be classified according to their molecular framework as acyclic (not cyclic), carbocyclic (containing rings of carbon atoms), or heterocyclic (containing at least one ring atom that is not carbon). They may also be classified according to functional group (Table 1.6). 

Silver acetylides also reacted with epoxides yielding propargylic alcohols.27 As for related alkylations with silver acetylides (see Section 10.6.1), this reaction required zirconocene dichloride and catalytic amount of silver triflate. This method proved useful for both electron-rich and electron-deficient alkynes and compatible with various acid- and base-sensitive functional groups (Table 10.2). 

The most important applications of LiAlHi are in organic synthesis. It reacts with more than 60 organic functional groups (Table 3). Reactions are usually performed in ether, in which LiAlH4 is highly soluble (22wt%). For... 

Heterocyclic systems may also be conveniently dehydrogenated using nickel peroxide in aprotic solvents, and good yields may be obtained even in the presence of sensitive functional groups (Table 10, entries 3 and 4). This reagent is not specific for the dehydrogenation of C°-X compounds, however, and may not be suitable for reactions requiring selective oxidation. A variety of other oxidants have been shown to effect similar oxidations. 

If more than one type of functional group is present, the one highest in the list is treated as the principal functional group (Table 3.5). Some groups can never be functional groups, only substituents, e.g., chloro-, nitro- (distinct from the very early literature where nitro, for example, was treated as a functional group). 

Nonactivated tertiary hydrocarbon sites of enantiopure compounds 210 are oxyfunctionalized enantiospecifically by perfluoro-a.r-2- -butyl-3- -propyloxaziridine 80 under remarkably mild reaction conditions (Equation 8) <19990L281>. The reaction occurs with retention of the configuration at the oxidized stereogenic center and the enantiospecificity is highly independent of both the carbon framework of the substrate as well as functional groups (Table 16). 

Atoms of other elements, typically oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, are incorporated into the basic hydrocarbon structures, usually as peripheral components known as functional groups (Table 2.1). Each functional group confers specific properties on the compound, and can be a major factor in determining the chemical behaviour of the compound. Functional groups include the hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2) and nitro groups (-N02). The -OH and... 

Infrared Absorption Frequencies of Functional Groups Table 4.7, Saturated Compounds sp sharp, br = bfoad, (w) = weak, (s) = strong... 

Surprisingly good ion exchangers can be prepared simply by coating an ordinary HPLC material, such as C18 silica or PS-DVB, with a hydrophobic molecule containing an ionic functional group. Table 3.8 lists a number of coating materials that have been used [19]. 

As a class, alkanes are not particularly reactive compounds, and the H in RH is not a particularly reactive functional group. Indeed, when a group other than hydrogen is present on an alkane framework, that group is almost always the functional group. Table 2.1 lists examples of some compounds of this type. All will be discussed in later chapters. 

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