Fullerene halogenation

Another route to the preparation of Cgo derivatives involves the reaction of a halogen derivative of diethylmalonate in the presence of a strong base with fullerenes, which results in a... 

Figure 15.8 The Bingel reaction for the modification of fullerenes involves the in situ formation of a reactive halogen species in the presence of the strong base DBU. The cyclopropanation product can be used to create many bioconjugates.

Metal-free initiators, 14 258-259 Metal fullerenes, 2 718-719 Metal-halogen exchange, in pyridine chemistry, 22 107-108 Metal hydrazides, 23 567 Metal hydrides, 23 611-613 amines by reduction, 2 493 hydrogen storage and, 23 851 nitriding, 27 206-207 storage of, 23 786... 

Fig. 7.4 Normal human embryonic fibroblasts grown on fullerene on the surfaces (FoS) before (A) and after 30min illumination with halogen lamp 45mW/cm2 (B). Magnification l,200x (See Color Plates)...

In the substrates, special attention has been devoted to zeolites and fullerenes [34, 38, 39, 44], in the reactions to acid-base equilibria and the influence of hardness and softness on both sides of the equilibrium (acidity of carboxylic acids [45], alkyl [46] and halogenated alcohols [47], hydrides [48] and recently hydrofullerenes [49], basicity of amines [50, 51] and proton affinities of amino acids [52]). For reviews of these studies, see [18, 53, 54],... 

TABLE 3. Isomer ratio (%) in the mononitration of halogen derivatives of benzene and C o fullerene solubility in these derivatives [34] ... 

TABLE 4. C6o fullerene solubility in halogen derivatives of benzene... 

Abstract. It has been revealed that carbonic nanomaterials (fullerene, single- and multiwall nanotubes, nanofibers) display high activity at low temperatures (77K) in reactions of chain halogenation (F2, Cl2) with kinetic chain length up to 104 -105. The ESR spectra of active free- radical intermediates were recorded. The presence of vibration bands of C-Cl bonds in products has been indicated by IR method. 

Cataldo, F. Soot and other products formation from the submerged electric arc in halogenated solvents. Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 2005, 13(A) (in press). 

Fullerenes add hydrogen or halogens and may be transformed into highly functionalized compounds. 

In the case when in a cavity of a fullerene molecule there is a potassium atom, the first principles calculations show that the 4s electron of the K atom passes to the external shell of Ceo [8, 60]. If this cluster is in face centered cubic (f.c.c.) Ceo, an additional electron will be delocalized around the fullerene. Thus, the CeoK cluster can be used as the donor in a Ceo semiconductor. Similarly, the atoms of halogens, located inside Ceo, can act as acceptors. Such phenomenon opens the opportunity to create new materials in which fullerene molecules will play the role of atom-like building units. 

Prior to the development of tether-directed functionalization methods, regioisomerically pure higher adducts of C50 usually were obtained by additions of transition metal complexes [31-33] or radical halogenations [34, 35]. These reactions either occur under thermodynamic control or lead to the precipitation of the least soluble derivative. Iso-merically pure higher adducts of C o sometimes are also readily isolated out of more complex product mixtures [36]. Tether-directed remote functionalization of CgQ allows the construction of fullerene derivatives with addition patterns that are difficult to obtain by thermodynamically or kinetically controlled reactions with free untethered reagents. Since the description of the first such reaction in 1994 [7], which is the subject of Section 7.3.1, an increasing variety of such regioselective functionalization protocols have... 

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