Piping full plant

A handy relationship for turbulent flow in full commercial steel pipes is  

W = Flow rate, Ib/hr p = Viscosity, cp p = Density, Ib/ft d = Internal pipe diameter, in. 

This relationship holds for a Reynolds number range of 2,100 to lO . For smooth tubes (assumed for heat 

AP less than 10% of inlet pressure It was derived from the Fanning equation  

Branan, C. R., Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, Butterworth-Heineman, 2002, p. 4. 

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Straight tube loss See Chapter 1, Fluid Flow, Full Plant Piping ... 

All losses except for straight tube Straight tube loss 2.9 u 2 Ah = 2.9— -N 2g See Chapter 1, Fluid Flow, Full Plant Piping ... 

Since maximum realizable pressure in the plant is 1.7 bar, when entire system is full, the pipe cannot have burst in a simple manner, because this would require 4.8 bar, maintained for one year continuously, x 1.3 FOS = 6.2 bar. 

The cooled, dried chlorine gas contains - 2% HCl and up to 10% O2, both of which are removed by Hquefaction. A full scale 600-t/day plant was built by Du Pont ia 1975. This iastaHatioa at Corpus Christi, Texas operates at 1.4 MPa (13.8 atm) and 120—180°C and uses tantalum-plated equipment and pipes. Oxidation of HCl Chloride by JSHtricHcid. The nitrosyl chloride [2696-92-6] route to chlorine is based on the strongly oxidi2iag properties of nitric acid... 

Liquids can also exert pressure due to thermal expansion. Table 4.15 provides an indication of pressure increases due to temperature increases for selected common liquids in full containers or pipes. Serious accidents can arise unless the design of rigid plant items such as pipework takes into account the changes in volume of liquids with temperature fluctuation by the following or combinations thereof ... 

Slip-plates should normally be designed to withstand the same pressure as the piping. However, in some older plants that have not been designed to take full-thickness slip-plates, it may be impossible to insert them. A compromise will be necessary. 

The pipe was returned to the plant with a warning that it might contain some sand. The plant staff took this to mean that a few grains might be stuck to the walls, not that the pipe might be full of sand. 

Visual inspection showed no evidence of corrosion of the pipe or damage to the liner integrity. This test verifies the suitability of using PIPE lining in SILVER II systems processing energetics and DMMP but not the reliability of the array of connections required when using this material in a full-scale plant. 

Plant management wisely insisted on a full review before the plant could be restarted. Equipment inspectors examined each of the five barometric condensers to determine if there were any significant calcium deposits in the drain lines. The barometric condenser drain piping was simplified by routing it directly to the hopper without a valve and without a branch connection. Plant supervision initiated an engineering study to determine if inherently safer vacuum engines should be used as an alternate to barometric systems. 

The required heat of reaction is supplied by external heating of the reaction vessel, or, for laboratory-scale or pilot units, by electrical heating. Full-scale plant is either directly fired, or heated by circulating reacting liquids through an external pipe still. Some... 

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