Fuel catalysis

H. Farag, D. D. Whitehurst, K. Sahanishi and 1. Mochida. Carbon versus alumina as a support for Co Mo catalysts reactivity towards HDS of dibenzothiophenes and diesel fuel, Catalysis Today, 50, 9-17 (1999). 

I. Nakamura and K. Fujimoto. Development of new disposable catalyst for waste plastics treatment for high quality transportation fuel. Catalysis Today, 27, 175-179 (1996). 

V. Dufaud and J.-M. Basset, Catalytic hydrogenolysis at low temperature and pressure of polyethylene and polypropylene to diesels or lower alkanes by silica-alumina a step toward polyolefin degradation by the microscopic reverse of Ziegler-Natta polymerization, Angew. Chem. Int.Ed., (1998) 37(6) 806-810. I. Nakamura and K. Fujimoto, Development of new disposable catalyst for waste plastics treatment for high quality transportation fuel. Catalysis Today, 27,175-179 (1996)... 

Song, C.S. An overview of new approaches to deep desulfurization for ultra-clean gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel. Catalysis Today, 2003, 86 (1—4), 211. 

Ming, Q., Healey, T., Allen, L., and Irving, P. Steam reforming of hydrocarbon fuels. Catalysis Today, 2002, 77, 51. 

Kaufmann, T.G., Kaldor, A., Stuntz, G.F., Kerby, M.C., and Ansell, L.L. Catalysis science and technology for cleaner transportation fuels. Catalysis Today, 2000, 62, 77. 

Mika, L.T., Csefalvay, E., Horvath, I.T., 2015. The role of water in catalytic biomass-based technologies to produce chemicals and fuels. Catalysis Today 247, 33—46. Available at http //www.sciencedirecLcom/science/article/pii/S0920586114007457 (accessed 05.01.05.). 

Koizumi, N., Mural, K., Ozaki, T., Yamada, M., 2004. Development of sulfur tolerant catalysts for the synthesis of high quality transportation fuels. Catalysis Today 89, 465—478. 

Furfuryl alcohol is comparable to kerosene or No. 1 fuel oil in flammabiUty, the Tag Closed Cup flash point is 170°F. In the presence of concentrated mineral acids or strong organic acids, furfuryl alcohol reacts with explosive violence. Therefore, precautions should be taken to avoid contact of such materials with the alcohol. Caution is also recommended to avoid over-catalysis in the manufacture of furfuryl alcohol resins. 

In shape-selective catalysis, the pore size of the zeoHte is important. For example, the ZSM-5 framework contains 10-membered rings with 0.6-nm pore size. This material is used in xylene isomerization, ethylbenzene synthesis, dewaxing of lubricatius oils and light fuel oil, ie, diesel and jet fuel, and the conversion of methanol to Hquid hydrocarbon fuels (21). 

Catalysis. As of mid-1995, zeoHte-based catalysts are employed in catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, isomerization of paraffins and substituted aromatics, disproportionation and alkylation of aromatics, dewaxing of distillate fuels and lube basestocks, and in a process for converting methanol to hydrocarbons (54). 

Catalysis by Metal Sulfides. Metal sulfides such as M0S2, WS2, and many others catalyze numerous reactions that are catalyzed by metals (98). The metal sulfides are typically several orders of magnitude less active than the metals, but they have the unique advantage of not being poisoned by sulfur compounds. They are thus good catalysts for appHcations with sulfur-containing feeds, including many fossil fuels. 

During World War II German scientists developed a method of hydrogenating soHd fuels to remove the sulfur by using a cobalt catalyst (see Coal CONVERSION processes). Subsequently, various American oil refining companies used the process in the hydrocracking of cmde fuels (see CATALYSIS SuLFUR REMOVAL AND RECOVERY). Cobalt catalysts are also used in the Fisher-Tropsch method of synthesizing Hquid fuels (21—23) (see Fuels, synthetic). 

Catalysis is utilized in the majority of new paper filter cure ovens as part of the oven recirculation/bumer system which is designed to keep the oven interior free of condensed resins and provide an exhaust without opacity or odor. The apphcation of catalytic fume control to the exhaust of paper-impregnation dryers permits a net fuel saving by oxidation of easy-to-bum methyl or isopropyl alcohol, or both, at adequate concentrations to achieve a 110—220°C exotherm. 

By the mid-1930s, catalytic technology entered into petroleum refining. To a greater extent than thermal cracking, catalysis permitted the close control of the rate and direction of reaction. It minimized the formation of unwanted side reactions, such as carbon formation, and overall improved the yield and quality of fuel output. 

Fig. 1. The field of catalysis. The numbers in circles are approximate annual catalyst cost for principal uses, in million. Total values Catalysts ca. 200,000,000. Products (excluding fuel) ca. 100-200,000 million.

Figure 1.6. Common features of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Fuel Cell operation, Electrolysis and Electrochemical Promotion 1. Solid state catalyst, 2. Adsorption, 3. AG < 0, 4. Yield control via DC current or voltage application (Adapted from N. A. Anastasijevic).

Chapter 3 discusses solid electrolytes and some of their early applications in fuel cells and catalysis. This material is quite familiar to the solid state ionics community but may be helpful to surface scientists, aqueous electrochemists and chemical reaction engineers. 

Solid oxide fuel cell, SOFC anodes, 97 catalysis in, 98,410 cathodes, 96... 

---