From other Functional Groups

From other Functional Groups. Fluorination of saturated hydrocarbons with CF3OF, in the presence of radical inhibitors, can be a highly selective process e.g. 65 66) and possibly occurs via direct electrophilic attack on the CH a-bond. 

Another new route to the formation of C-F bonds is illustrated by the fluorode-sulphurization of some amino thiols in HF solution, by reaction with fluorine-helium mixtures (e.g. 67 68) or, in some cases, with CF3OF or other electro- 

Sevrin, W. Dumont, L. Hevesi, and A. Krief, Tetrahedron Letters, 1976, 2647. 

Primary halides (and some secondary cases) may be oxidized directly to carbonyl compounds by reaction with chromate ion, either in the presence of crown compounds, or with the chromate associated with a polymer matrix. Reduction of low molecular weight halides to hydrocarbons has been reported in superacid media [e.g. HF-TaFs), and a hydride transfer pathway is suggested. Allyl iodides may be reduced with triphenylphosphonium hydriodide (equation 10), but acid sensitive groups may not survive these conditions. Vinylic and aryl halides are converted into the parent hydrocarbons by reaction with Grignard reagents and a catalytic quantity of manganese salts a reaction mechanism has been proposed. 

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Olefins can be prepared by the deoxygenation of epoxides usually in good to excellent yields. However, the reaction is of synthetic use only if the epoxides employed as starting materials are prepared from other functional groups than olefins or if they can be isolated or readily accessed from natural sources. The issue of regioselectivity of deoxygenation is critical, however. 

The N-H protons of primary and secondary amides are slow to exchange and require heating or base catalysis and this is one way an amide functional group can be distinguished from other functional groups. 

The fuzzy membership function defined above reflects the actual electronic charge distribution of functional group within the given molecule X, without directly involving any other density contributions from other functional groups of the molecule. 

Originally term aromatic was used for benzene-like structures because of the distinctive aroma of such compounds. Aromatic compounds undergo certain distinctive reactions that set them apart from other functional groups. They are highly unsaturated compotmds, but unlike alkenes and alkynes, they are relatively unreactive and tend to undergo reactions that... 

Most betaine-derived surfactants are chemically stable in acid and alkaline media due to the properties of the quaternary nitrogen. Instability arises from other functional groups, as in amidobetaines, which although they are fairly stable, can suffer hydrolysis of the amido group (69). Apart from compounds having amido or... 

Fortunately, organometallic reagents can be prepared from almost any type of halogenated compound, including tertiary haloalkanes, provided that interference from other functional groups can be avoided. This realization gives us the framework for a solution. 

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