Frequentist statistics null hypothesis

When a clinical trial has been conducted, the frequentist approach we have discussed in the book leads to certain statistical analyses being conducted. A p-value is calculated which provides information leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis or the failure to reject the null hypothesis. Additionally, the analyses lead to an estimate of the treatment effect and its associated... 

Null hypothesis. A term used in frequentist statistics in connection with hypothesis testing. The null hypothesis is a hypothesis which is assumed (for formal testing purposes) to hold true until evidence has been accrued which leads to its rejection. For example, one might assume, for the time being, that a drug was ineffective but attempt to show that this null hypothesis was untrue. 

It is common in frequentist statistics to consider a point-null hypothesis that 0 takes exactly a specific value 0. When 0 is continuous, such a hypothesis has zero probability of being true and is ill posed in the Bayesian framework. We can approximate such a point-null hypothesis as Hq [e o-0 II < s, as long as the prior is proper. 

The standard tools of statistical inference, including the concept and approaches of constructing a null hypotheses and associated p values, are based on the frequentist view of probability. From a frequentist perspective, the probability of an event is defined as the fraction of times that the event occurs in a very large number of trials (known as a probability limit). Given a hypothesis and data addressing it, the classical procedure is to calculate from the data an appropriate statistic, which is typically... 

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