Frequency influence metal removal

Reductive removal of these oxygen layers is a slow kinetic process, commencing at potentials well below the characteristic potential for the layer formation on each metal. Thus, adsorption results based on the commonly used triangular potential sweep method can depend on the anodic potential excursions, the frequency of potential cycling and the number of cycles, that is, the catalyst surface history. Similarly, kinetic studies of oxygen reduction can be influenced by the dependence of the oxygen layer formation... 

Sects. 4.1.2 and 4.2.1). In order to check the hypothesis of bubble formation, the authors of [122] immersed dry surfaces of the QCM of different roughness and hydrophobicity into electrolytes saturated by oxygen (or hydrogen). In all cases removing gases in situ by electrochemical reduction (or oxidation) did not result in changes of either the resonant frequency or the width of resonance. This led to a conclusion that even on freshly formed metal/aqueous solution contacts, the size and coverage of bubbles (if they exist) are so low that they could not influence the QCM response. 

Electrolyte circulation can be improved by hybridized EMM with low-frequency tool vibration [5]. It necessitates the development of a suitable microtool vibration system in EMM for effective micromachining operation. Piezoelectric transducer (PZT) can be used for vibrating microtools [6]. Vibration has hydrodynamic effects on the bubble behavior, which has been utilized for the effective removal of sludge, hydrogen bubbles, and the replenishment of fresh electrolyte. The microtool vibrates longitudinally with the definite combination of amplitude of vibration and frequency of vibration. Vibrations within the machining zone, in the stagnant electrolyte, have considerable influence on the diffusion and convection of dissolved metal ions. 

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