Freeze-drying microscopy

Kassraian, K. Spitznagel, T. Juneau, J. Yim, K. Characterization of the sucrose/glycine/water system by differential scanning calorimetry and freeze drying microscopy. Pharm. Develop, and Technol. 1998, 3, 233-239. 

Studies of freeze-drying microscopy have also been reported by others [3,4,13,22-24],... 

Slater, N. K. H., 2003. Measurement of lyophilisation primart drying rates by freeze-drying microscopy. Chem. Eng. Sd. 58 2313-2323. 

Steinbrecht R A and Muiier M 1987 Freeze-substitution and freeze-drying Cryotechniques in Bioiogicai Eiectron Microscopy ed R A Steinbrecht and K Zieroid (Beriin Springer) pp 149-72... 

The dimer chains of Ca -ATPase can also be observed by freeze-fracture electron microscopy [119,165,166,172-174], forming regular arrays of oblique parallel ridges on the concave P fracture faces of the membrane, with complementary grooves or furrows on the convex E fracture faces. Resolution of the surface projections of individual Ca -ATPase molecules within the crystalline arrays has also been achieved on freeze-dried rotary shadowed preparations of vanadate treated rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum [163,166,173,175]. The unit cell dimensions derived from these preparations are a = 6.5 nm b = 10.7 nm and 7 = 85.5° [175], in reasonable agreement with earlier estimates on negatively stained preparations [88]. 

Tobacco primary cell wall and normal bacterial Acetobacter xylinum cellulose formation produced a 36.8 3A triple-stranded left-hand helical microfibril in freeze-dried Pt-C replicas and in negatively stained preparations for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A. xylinum growth in the presence of 0.25 mM Tinopal disrupted cellulose microfibril formation and produced a... 

The reaction was so fast as to finish within 1 min, as shown by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images in Figure 3.3.2, for which each withdrawn sample on a copper grid was instantly quenched with liquid nitrogen and freeze-dried without melting. 

Hohling, H. J., Steffens, H., Stamm, G., Mays, U. Transmission microscopy of freeze dried, unstained epiphyseal cartilage of the guinea pig. Cell. Tiss. Res. 167, 243 (1976)... 

Dawson, P. J., Hockley, D. J. Scanning microscopy (SEM) of freeze-dried preparationes relationship of morphology to freeze-drying parameters. Developments in Biological Standardization Vol. 74, p. 185-192. Acting Editors Joan C. May, F. Brown S. Karger AG, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland), 1992... 

Optical microscopy using a special low-temperature stage which can be evacuated to operate at pressures representative of freeze drying allows direct observation of materials during freezing and freeze drying, generally under... 

Fig. 1.42. Photographs of different freeze-dried products obtained by scanning electron microscopy, (a) 1 % trehalose solution, 1 °C/ min, cut out of the surface (b) 1% trahalose solution, 150 °C/min, cut out of the center ...

Electron microscopy works under vacuum conditions because air absorbs electrons. For these reasons, wet samples cannot be analyzed by electron microscopy without previous dehydration, freezing, or freeze-drying due to the sublimation phenomena (Bache and Donald, 1998). 

Particle-Size Determination Particle-size of the cleaned1 latexes were determined using transmission electron microscopy after freeze-drying the samples and counting the particles with a Quantimet image analyzer. The number average particle diameters ( n) of the homopolymer, the 85/15 VA/BA and 70/30 VA/BA latexes were found to be 0.Q57/ m, 0.062/<.m and 0.073 m, respectively. 

Fig. 2 Shape and structure of BC. a molecular cellulose chain, b scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of freeze-dried nanofiber network (magnification 10000), c pellicle of bacterial nanocellulose from common static culture...

Dudek, R W., Vamdell, I M., and Polak,/. M. (1984) Combined quick-freeze and freeze-drying techniques for improved electron immunocytochemistry, in Immunolabelbngfor Electron Microscopy (Polak,/. M. and Vamdell, I M, eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 235-248... 

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