Free internal volume

Each core make-up tank consists of a low-alloy steel vessel with 308L stainless steel internal cladding. The minimum free internal volume forthe core makeup tank is 70 m. The normal full power temperature and pressure in the core makeup tank are 21.1 to 48.9°C and 15.5 MPa abs, respectively. The tank is designed to withstand the design environment of 17.2 MPa abs and... 

Columns are designed to have a larger internal volume than the quantity of resin they will contain. The extra space is to provide the necessary volume for a fluidized bed during backwash. Most units are designed for the space above the resin bed (free-board) to be between 50 and 100% of the packed resin bed. Small columns are, on occasion, designed for one-use applications. Since backwashing is of no importance, there is a tendency to fill the unit with as much resin as possible. That practice can be hazardous, especially if the resin swells as a result of oxidative attack or through conversion from one ionic form to another. 

An alternative is a fast-switching electromagnetic two-way valve connected to a pipe T-fitting (Figure 3.81). These valves are used commercially for ink-jet printing and biomedical applications and allow a shortest injection time of less than 1 ms. The valve itself is free from wake effects and possesses a small internal volume. 

Ducry and Roberge reported controlled nitration of phenol in a glass microreactor with a channel width of 500 pm and an internal volume of 2.0 ml [2]. Nitration was most efficient and controlled under nearly solvent-free conditions at 20 °C without the addition of sulfuric acid or acetic acid (Scheme 4.2). Under these concentrated conditions, autocatalysis spontaneously started in the mixing zone, allowing safe control of the reaction. Undesirable polymer formation, which is significant in batch reactions, was effectively suppressed by a factor of 10. 

Generally, a, reflects the effects of two-body collisions between xenon atoms. The change in slope can be interpreted as a change in free volume upon coking. One may estimate effective relative internal volume accessible to xenon gas per gram of material from the slopes ... 

The experimental measurement of some of the operational parameters for the PFIER was carried out with the help of SPECTRUM disposable, cylindrical polystyrene minicolumns with an internal diameter (d) of 0.732 0.001 cm, which implies a cross sectional area (S) of 0.421 0.002 cm2, and a total length of 7 cm [38,53], The columns were prepared with a bed length (D) of 4.20 0.02 cm filled with crushed and sieved Na-SW zeolite. The free bed volume was Vb 0.8 0.1cm3. In the experimental PFIER, volumetric flows of dilute aqueous solutions of Pb(N03)2, Cu(N03)2, Co(N03)2, and Ni(N03)2 with initial concentrations that are reported below were passed [38,53], The used salts were pure per the analysis products provided by Fisher. 

Due to their unique features, microsystems truly represent new process tools for the synthesis of polymer through free radical polymerization. Phenomena such as thermal runaway, Trommsdorff effect and segregation, which are commonly encountered in conventional polymer reactors, can be reduced or alleviated when microreactors and micromixers are employed. Moreover, successful implementation of microsystems, in an already-existing production line as well as the numbering approach have proved that despite their small internal volume microsystems can be considered for large scale polymer production. 

Suppose we have a reversible reaction between macromolecule M and small ligand L to form a complex ML. When this reaction system is placed in a gel-buffer suspension in vfiich M and ML are totally excluded but L can freely penetrate into the gel, there will be an equilibrium, as illustrated in Fig. 1. If Wl moles of L are added to the volumetric flask containing an appropriate volume of the gel (internal volume Vi), it will dilute to the volume V-j+Vg where Vq is total outside volume of gel particles. Respectively, when Wm moles of M are added it will dilute to the volune Vq. After equilibration Wmi moles of complex ML are formed in Vq. Hence the concentration of free L in the system is W -Wml / Vq+V, that of free M is Hm-W l /Vq. t i3t of complex W l/Vq. The apparent equilibrium constant is then... 

Small differences in the kinetics of pyrolysis may have occurred in different reactors see, for example, the results shown in Figures 1 and 3. Such differences could have been caused by one or more factors. One factor that likely is of some importance is small differences in the gas temperature heat transfer obviously depends to some extent on the materials of construction. Small differences in residence times at reaction conditions could also have occurred in the various reactors that did not have exactly the same internal volumes. In addition, surface reactions may affect the kinetics of the reactions. Some initiation or termination of free radicals may have occurred at the reactor surfaces. Probably at least some hydrogen free radicals were formed during coke formation. 

Equipment with large internal volumes may be filled to a slight positive pressure with dry, oil-free air or nitrogen after all openings have been sealed and valves closed. Parts in suitable plastic bags may be purged with inert gas or evacuated and sealed. The potential asphyxiation hazard needs to be considered if nitrogen is used. 

The normal operating water volume at full-load conditions is approximately 50% of the free internal vessel volume. Under part-load conditions the water volume in the pressuriser is reduced proportionally with reductions in plant load to approximately 25% of the free internal vessel... 

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