Free examples

Parenterals are administered to the body by injection. They must be sterile, nonpyro-genie, and particulate-free. Examples of compoimded parenterals include high-dose analgesics for patient controlled analgesia (morphine sulfate 50 mg/mL), antiemetic injections, fentanyl and bupivacaine injections for ambulatory pump reservoirs, oncology combinations, and others (Table 10). 

General acid-base catalysis is often the controlling factor in many mechanisms and acts via highly efficient and sometimes intricate proton transfers. Whereas log K versus pH profiles for conventional acid-base catalyzed chemical processes pass through a minimum around pH 7.0, this pH value for enzyme reactions is often the maximum. In enzymes, the transition metal ion Zn2+ usually displays the classic role of a Lewis acid, however, metal-free examples such as lysozyme are known too. Good examples of acid-base catalysis are the mechanisms of carbonic anhydrase II and both heme- and vanadium-containing haloperoxidase. 

The template t n is obtained by long term averaging of many such pulses from the corrupted signal. Alternatively, a noise-free example of the pulse shape may be available from a silent section of the recording or the lead-in groove of a gramophone disc. 

A few solvent-free examples of Claisen rearrangement reactions under the action of microwave irradiation have been described. One involves the double Claisen rearrangement of bis(4-allyloxyphenyl)sulfone into bis(3-allyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)sulfone (Scheme 8.43) [111]. Similarly, 3 -allyl-2 -hydroxyacetophenone has been obtained in quantitative yield from 2 -allyloxyacetophenone by Bennett et al. [112]. 

BASF also explored patent free examples of triketones with novel metasubstituents, particularly acids containing heterocyclic rings at this position (e.g., 53, Fig. 4.3.9). The 4,5-dihydro-isoxazole containing pyrazole corn herbicide top-ramezone (54, IMPACT , CLIO ) [50, 51] has resulted from this work (Fig. 4.3.9). 

Use in Non-aqueous Solvents The electrodialysis technology using bipolar membrane electrodialysis can also be applied in non-aqueous solvents, which necessarily must be water-free. Examples include the obtention of sodium methoxide from a solution of sodium acetate in methanol [11], where acetic acid is generated as a byproduct. 

In some specific cases, oiganic paint may be mixed and applied without the presence of solvents. These paint systems are referred to as solvent free. Examples of this are low-viscosity two-component epoxies and powder coatings. The application and curing of the powder coating were mentioned earlier. The epoxy coatings may be mixed and applied without the use of a solvent, as the two components typically have low viscosity. Mixing and application of these coatings are often done at elevated temperatures to reduce the viscosity as much as possible. 

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