Roberts-Austen

Roberts-Austen, W. (1896a) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Land. 187, 383. 

Roberts-Austen, W. (1896b) J. Iron Steel Inst. 1, 1. 

Difl erential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are the other mainline thermal techniques. These are methods to identify temperatures at which specific heat changes suddenly or a latent heat is evolved or absorbed by the specimen. DTA is an early technique, invented by Le Chatelier in France in 1887 and improved at the turn of the century by Roberts-Austen (Section 4.2.2). A... 

W.C. Roberts-Austen On certain mechanical properties of metals considered in relation to the periodic law. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 179, 339-349 (1888)... 

The development of thermal analysis methods in materials research has led to a plethora of new methodologies since the elaboration of the first thermal method by by Le Chatelier and Robert-Austen [16,86], Thermal analysis consists of a group of techniques in which a physical property of a material is measured as a function of temperature at the same time when the substance is subjected to a controlled increase, or in some cases, decrease of temperature. Temperature-programmed techniques, such as DTA [87-89], TGA [87], DSC [53,90], TPR [91,92], and TPD [93-96], contribute to perform a more complete characterization of materials. 

The type of these alloys seems to be the alloy formed of tin (1) and copper (2), studied by H. Le Chatelier, by Sir Roberts-Austen and Stansfield, and by G. Charpy. 

In studying the freezing of fused mixtures of silver and copper. Sir Roberts-Austen and Heycock and Neville have determined two congelation curves q, Cj their point of intersection has for coordinates exactly the composition and fusing-point of LevoFs alloy the latter is a eutectic conglomerate by a microscopic examination of Lavol s alloy Osmond has corroborated this conclusion. 

Transformation Point Indicators and Recorders.—Such instruments are designed to indicate the temperature at which a chemical or physical transformation occurs. They are based on the fact that heat is absorbed or given off when such transformations take place. The simplest instrument will give a temperature-time curve of the sample of steel placed in a furnace and heated. The method is not applicable industrially and a modified form has been developed. Burgess has described the use of a neutral body and the differential couple, an arrangement first devised by Sir Roberts-Austen. The differential couple is mounted with one hot junction in the test piece and the other in a neutral body (one with no transformation points). The data obtained are curves of temperature of test piece vs. temperature difference between the test piece and the neutral body. These are mounted side by side in the furnace and heated and cooled as uniformly as possible. 

Ramsay and Young, Phil. Trans., 1884, 175, 461 Allen, y. Ckem. Soc., 1900, 77, 413. Even when the vapour pressure of the solid is immeasurably small, the assumption that vapour is given off by a solid substance is justified on theoretical and frequently also on experimental grounds. See Roberts-Austen, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1898, 6, 454 Spring, Z. phystkal. Ckem., 1894, 15, 65 Zenghelis, ihid.,... 

See Roberts-Austen and Stansfield, Rapports du congres intermtional de physique 1900, I., 363. See also Desch, Metallography (Longmans). 

Roberts -Austen, Sir W. C. Introduction to the Study of Metallurgy. London, 1910. 

The earliest experimental observations on diffusion in solid metals are due to Faraday later. Spring [72] made similar observations. Robert-Austen [73] carried out the first quantitative measurement on diffusion in metals, while the modern research starts with work of Groh and von Hevesy [74], Runge [75], Frankel and Hauben [76], and Weiss et al. [77]. 

Roberts-Austen 1899 classical DTA setup Kurnakov and Saladin 1904... 

The earliest DTA-related research papers are LeChatelier H (1887) Z Phys Chem 1 396 Roberts-Austen WC (1899) Metallographist 2 186 Kumakov NS (1904) Z anorg Chem 42 184 Saladin E (1904) Iron and Steel Metallurgy Metallography 7 237 see also LeChatelier H (1904) Rev Met 1 134. 

For an analysis of the development of professions in these terms, see Abbott (1988). Sir W. Roberts-Austen, quoted in Opening of the John Cass Institute (1902), 287. 

Roberts-Austen introduced the differential temperature method [38)... 

The current DSC evolved from the first thermal analysis done by Sir Roberts-Austen, who, in 1899, invented differential thermal analysis (DTA). His investigations were of clays and silicate materials. DTA was used as a laboratory setup that measured the temperature difference between a sample specimen and an inert reference material. 

One of these techniques that brought into science the name DSC, called today power compensation DSC, was created by Gray and O Neil at the Perkin-Elmer Corporation in 1963. The other technique grew out of differential thermal analysis (DTA), and is called heat flux DSC. Differential thermal analysis itself originates from the works of Le Chatelier (1887), Roberts-Austen (1899), and Kurnakov (1904) (see Wunderlich, 1990). It needs to be emphasized that both of these techniques give similar results, but of course, they both have their advantages and disadvantages. 

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