Fragmentation phenomenon

Yavin, B., Gallis, H. E Scherf, J., Eitan, A. and Wagner, H. D., Continuous monitoring of the fragmentation phenomenon in single fiber composite materials, Polym. Composites, 12, 436 (1991). 

The principal concept of fractality and its relevance for real phenomena were elaborated by Benoit Mandelbrot. He impressively showed that fractality does not only apply to some strange pathological curves in mathematical analysis, but is a general tool to describe irregularities in shapes and processes or to handle any fragmented phenomenon. In his seminal book Fractals, form, chance and dimension from 1977, he exemplarily studied fractality in turbulent flow, as well as showed the relevance of fractal stmctures for the spatial distribution of holes in Swiss cheese and even for phenomena in economics and linguistics. 

Based on the calculation of the solvatation free energy of methylene fragment with carboxyl at the aliphatic carboxylic acids extraction, the uniqueness of cloud-point phases was demonstrated, manifested in their ability to energetically profitably extract both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules of substrates. The conclusion is made about the universality of this phenomenon and its applicability to other kinds of organized media on the surfactant base. 

Abrasive wear can be classified into three types. Gouging abrasion is a high stress phenomenon that is likely to be accomplished by high comprehensive stress and impact. Grinding abrasion is a high stress abrasion that pulverizes fragments of the abrasive that become sandwiched between metal faces. And erosion is a low-stress scratching abrasion. 

First, these copolymers undergo decarboxylation more readily than any of the homopolymers. Second, decarboxylation involves the units of acrylic add at temperatures which do not affect homopolymers of acrylic acid. In our view, the first phenomenon is accounted for by the effect of separation of conjugation blocks exemplified by this particular chemical reaction. As to the second observation, we believe that decarboxylation under relatively mild conditions (160—170 °C) affects, apparently, the fragments of acrylic acid located at the junctions of the blocks. 

The advantages of SIMS are its high sensitivity (detection limit of ppms for certain elements), its ability to detect hydrogen and the emission of molecular fragments that often bear tractable relationships with the parent structure on the surface. Disadvantages are that secondary ion formation is a poorly understood phenomenon and that quantification is often difficult. A major drawback is the matrix effect secondary ion yields of one element can vary tremendously with chemical environment. This matrix effect and the elemental sensitivity variation of five orders of magmtude across the periodic table make quantitative interpretation of SIMS spectra oftechmcal catalysts extremely difficult. 

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