Fracture acidizing treatments, factors

Successful fradure acidizing treatments do not depend solely on good fluid-loss properties (30). Adequate fracture flow capadty must be established by the add system used. The quantity of rock removed and the pattern in which it is removed from the fracture face are important. Fracture flow capadty is dependent on the nature of the rock and the characteristics of the add, such as add type, volume, and concentration. Other factors that lead to increased fracture flow conductivity include foam quality and pumping rate. As long as the foam is stable, foamed add of any quality increases the fracture flow conductivity when compared with non-foamed adds. As well, increases in total treatment pumping rates achieve better fracture conductivities because of greater acidized fradure lengths. 

Corrosion has been the major factor causing joint failure in the aerospace industry and this is still an issue facing potential industrial and automotive users, particularly if metals such as steel or copper are used [20]. Researchers based in Japan [21] showed that acid treatment of steel does not improve the fracture toughness of bonds with toughened epoxies, but it does increase the fatigue growth... 

TGF consists of a family of growth factors employed in the treatment of bone fractures and skin ulcers. TGF molecules of type 3 exist in the form of homodimers of 112 amino acids. Two members of this family have their recombinant form approved for treating tibia fractures (Osigraft and InductOs ), being produced in mammalian cells (Table 16.1). 

Candidates for teriparatide treatment include women who have a history of osteoporotic fracture, who have multiple risk factors for fracture, or who failed or are intolerant of previous osteoporosis therapy. Teriparatide should not be used in patients who are at increased baseline risk for osteosarcoma (including those with Paget s disease of bone, unexplained elevations of alkaline phosphatase, open epiphyses, or prior radiation therapy involving the skeleton). Full-length PTH(l-84), which is in clinical trials, has not been associated with osteosarcomas. Other adverse effects have included exacerbation of nephrolithiasis and elevation of serum uric acid levels. 

There are no set guidelines for choosing between acid fracturing and propped fracturing. Historically, the choice often has been based on individual or collective logic. This results from experience with previous treatment response in the same field or under conditions that might be considered similar. Production response is the best criterion for deciding between the two stimulation methods. Relative cost-effectiveness (value) is also a factor, as it should be. 

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