Standard deviation, fractional

The calculated extinction spectrum of a polydispersion of small aluminum spheres (mean radius 0.01 jam, fractional standard deviation 0.15) is shown in Fig. 11.4 both scales are logarithmic. In some ways spectral extinction by metallic particles is less interesting than that by insulating particles, such as those discussed in the preceding two sections. The free-electron contribution to absorption in metals, which dominates other absorption bands, extends from radio to far-ultraviolet frequencies. Hence, extinction features in the transparent region of insulating particles, such as ripple and interference structure, are suppressed in metallic particles because of their inherent opacity. But extinction by metallic particles is not without its interesting aspects. 

Particles Mean Radius (pm) Fractional Standard Deviation Reference... 

Fig. 1. Approximate behavior of the fractional error as a function of the mean size parameter a, = ir D,/ and the fractional standard deviation o. Where D, is the mean particle diameter.

Plasma was separated by centrifugation and the concentrations of total (deuterated and protonated) /3-carotene and total retinol in all plasma specimens (after saponification) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) the fractional standard deviation (FSD) of the analytical method was <0.04. Ratios of /3-carotene-dg//3-carotene in all plasma specimens were determined by HPLC the FSD of this analytical method was 0.0325. Ratios of retinol-dVretinol in all plasma specimens were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry the FSD of this method was 0.045. Details of these laboratory analytical procedures are previously described (Handelman etal., 1993 Dueker etaL, 1993,1994). The physiologic compartmental model of the dynamics of /3-carotene metabolism based on these data is also previously described (Novotny et al.,... 

Note FTC is the fractional transfer coefficient its units are per day. FSD is fractional standard deviation of FTC. Flow (rates) are /onol/day. Ineveisble loss of -carotene (fecal) = 240 - FTC from GIT to GIT delay compartment. FTC from chylomicron retinyl ester to fast turnover liver retinyl ester = 60 36. Values apply to model in Figure 3. Reprinted with permission from Novotny et al. (1995). 

The fractional standard deviation of a single instantaneous reading of the counting ratemeter can be shown to be [14]... 

Fiber volume fraction (%)/standard deviation (%) Void content (%)/standard deviation (%)... 

Since the amplitude of each frequency component of the noise was itself fluctuating, it was necessary to average it over a period of time to obtain an accurate reading. (According to Van der Ziel (2), the fractional standard deviation of a noise measurement, n, is given by the equation... 

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