Fraction collectors energy

The purity ot the scrap mainly determines the fraction of energy needed to produce metal from it, and the value of recycling. Clean copper scrap need only be remelted and cast to form recycled copper if the copper is contaminated with organic materials and other metals, more complex separation processes are needed that are similar to production from ores. It is easier to remelt the steel of a car driven in Arizona compared to one rusted by the road salt in snowy areas. Scrap that is produced as a by-product of metal processing can be easily recycled, and it can be collected from relatively few locations. There has been a strong effort to educate both householders and industrial users to separate scrap and return it to waste collectors, leading to a supply of reasonably separated scrap. 

Active mass — The portions of a -> battery or -> accumulator which are participating in electrode reactions, i.e., in the transformation of chemical into electrical -> energy or vice versa. In a -> lead-acid battery active masses are lead dioxide and lead, with the lead or lead alloy grid serving as -> current collector and mechanical holder and all other components are not active masses. For maximum -> energy density the fraction of active mass in the overall cell weight should be as large as possible. 

It is important to note that the accumulated available energy does not take into account the actual energy collected by each reactor. In fact, the actual collected energy is a function of concentration ratio, as concentrating collectors are able to capture only a 1 /Cr fraction of the diffuse radiation. In order to reflect this, another quantity can be defined called the accumulated collected energy... 

The cover plate of a solar collector has negligible absorptivity (Fig. 9P-1). Show that the fraction of the energy incident on the upper surface and transmitted through the lower surface is (1 — / )/( + p). 

FIGURE 12 (a) Details of the actual profile shape and collector design for the integrated stationary evacuated concentrator (ISEC) tube, which has achieved a thermal efficiency of 50% at 200°C. (b) Ray trace diagram showing how essentially all the solar energy incident within 35° is directed onto the absorber tube. Because the reflector cannot physically touch the absorber, as required for an ideal concentrator, a small fraction is lost in the gap between the reflectors and the absorber. 

What is the value of the solar constant If energy falling on Earth at the top of the atmosphere could be collected with 100% efficiency, estimate how many square meters of solar energy collector would be required to provide the energy needs of a medium-size house. Explain why only a small fraction of this energy could be utilized in practice. 

---