Foxgloves

Cardiac steroids occur ia small amounts ia various plants with a wide geographical distribution. The purple foxglove Di talispurpurus has been used for centuries as both a dmg and a poison. Isolation and characterization of the various cardiac steroids have been reviewed (122,123). 

Digitoxigenin is a heart stimulant obtained from the purple foxglove Digitalis purpurea and used in the treatment of heart disease. Draw the three-dimensional conformation of digitoxigenin, and identify the two —OH groups as axial or equatorial. 

Numerousherbai diureticsare available as over-the-counter (OTQ products. Most plants and herbal extracts available as OTCdiureticsare nontoxic. However, most are either ineffective or no more effective than caffeine. The following are selected herbals reported to possess diuretic activity cetery, chicory, sassafras juniper berries St. John s wort, foxglove, horsetail, licorice, dandelion, digital is purpurea, ephedra, hibiscus parsley, and elderberry. 

Chemische Technik findet im Fingerhut statt, Handelsblatt, November 1999 Nature as model pharmaceutical industry as pathfinder foxglove-sized micro-flow components general advantages of micro reactors direct fluorination transport... 

Digitalis (extracted from foxglove) was known to stimulate heart muscle and, hence, was used to treat various heart conditions. 

The outcome of this is to couple ATP hydrolysis with the vectorial transport of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane. The inhibition of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase by cardiac glycosides such as digitalis (an extract of foxglove leaves), which blocks the dephosphorylation of the E2-P form of the enzyme, is the basis for a number of steroid drags which are commonly prescribed for the treatment of congestive heart failure. 

In the late 1700s, William Withering introduced digitalis, an extract from the plant foxglove, for treatment of cardiac problems. 

Digitalis Extracted from a plant called foxglove, digitalis stimulates the cardiac muscles and was used to treat cardiac conditions. 

Some of the most well-known cardenolides include digitoxin from Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), convallarin from Convallaria (lily-of-the-valley), ouabain from Strophanthus and Acocanthera, many digitoxin-like cardenolides from... 

Foxglove, lily-of-the-valley, Digitalis poisoning - cardiovascular... 

Plants, both hardy and half-hardy, that germinate, flower, set seed, and die within one year, such as marigolds, are known as annuals. Biennials, such as foxgloves, take two years to complete this process. Both can be more labor-intensive than bulbs, perennials, and woody plants, as you have to sow them each year however, this does allow for an annual change of color scheme. 

Source Naturally occurs in cranberries, ligonberries (1,360 ppm), peppermint leaves (20-200 ppb), tea leaves, cassia bark, carob, blessed thistle, purple foxglove, jasmine, hyacinth, apples, tobacco leaves, daffodils, autumn crocus, prunes, anise seeds, ripe cloves, and wild black cherry tree bark (Duke, 1992 quoted, Verschueren, 1983). 

Plant. Hiickelhoven et al. (1997) studied the metabolism of pyrene by suspended plant cell cultures of soybean, wheat, jimsonweed, and purple foxglove. Soluble metabolites were only detected in foxglove and wheat. Approximately 90% of pyrene was transformed in wheat. In foxglove, 1-hydroxypyrene methyl ether was identified as the main metabolite but in wheat, the metabolites were identified as conjugates of 1-hydroxypyrene. 

Hiickelhoven, R., Schuphan, 1., Thiede, B., and Schmidt, B. Biotransformation of p3uene by cell cultures of soybean (Glycine maxh ), wheat (Trltlcum aestivum L.), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.), and purple foxglove (Digitalispurpurea L.), 7 Agric. Food Chem., 45(l) 263-269, 1997. 

An important transformation in steroid biochemistry is the conversion of pregnenolone into progesterone. Progesterone is a female sex hormone, a progestogen, but this reaction is also involved in the production of corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone and aldosterone. The reaction also occurs in plants, and features in the formation of cardioactive glycosides, such as digitoxin in foxglove. 

Although 200 years of clinical experience has been gained since William Withering published his Account of the Foxglove and Some of Its... 

Glycosides isolated from leaves of various types of foxglove Digitalis lanta. Digitalis purpurea, and strophanthus Strophantus kombe, and also a number of other plants (hhes, periploca, oleander, hellebore, erysimum, jute, Irish ballon), which exhibit a direct effect on the myocardium and which strengthen its contractions. 

Digitoxin Digitoxin, 3b,14b-dihydroxy-5b-card-20(22)enolide-3-tridigitoxide (17.1.1), is a glycoside isolated from leaves of various types of foxgloves. About 6 g of digitoxin are isolated from 10 kg of leaves [1-9]. 

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