Fourcroy

See Antoine de Fourcroy, Systeme des connaissances chimiques, et de leurs applications aux phenomenes de la nature et de I art, 11 vols. (Paris Baudoin, 1800), I xxxxxxi. 

The statement that physique precedes chimie made no sense to some members of the old school of physique generale. "How," asked Jean Andre DeLuc, in response to Antoine de Fourcroy, can physique, "which is the assembly [my emphasis] of natural knowledge, precede chemistry "27 Voicing a sense of competition and rivalry with the chemists, Jean Delambre complained that chemistry was diverting physicists from their usual investigations, and Antoine Libes wrote that the sphere of physics now was divided in France between chemists and mathematicians. 28... 

See Bensaude-Vincent s analysis of Lavoisier s views on the need to reorganize the teaching of chemistry, including previously unpublished texts, in "A View of the Chemical Revolution through Contemporary Textbooks Lavoisier, Fourcroy and Chaptal," BJHS 23 (1990) 435460. 

For these comments, see J. A. Deluc, Introduction a la physique terrestre. . . precede de deux memoires sur la nouvelles theories chimiques (Paris Nyon, 1803) 151152, 163 quoting Fourcroy, on p. 164, that "la physique. . . doit preceder ses recherches, sans pouvoir diriger sa marche," in Antoine F. de Fourcroy, Systeme des connoissances chimiques, et de leurs application aux phenomenes de la nature et de / art, I (Paris Baudouin, Brumaire An IX). And for last quotation, ibid., 166. 

Gaspard Monge, Berthollet, Fourcroy, Pierre Adet and J. H. Hassenfratz, and the Baron P. Dietrich. 

Antoine L. Lavoisier, Elements of Chemistry, trans. Robert Kerr (New York Dover reprint, 1965 from 1790 Edinburgh ed., based on 1789 1st ed.) xxxiiixxxiv. Lavoisier named Berthollet, Fourcroy, [De] Laplace, Monge, and "others."... 

Jacob Barner, Chymia philosophica (Norbergae Sumtibus Andreae Ottonis, 1689), a system of acids and alkalis, written by the physician to the king of Poland. Antoine F. de Fourcroy, Philosophie chimique, ou, verites fondamentales de la chimie moderne disposes dans un nouvel ordre (Paris Imprimerie de Cl. Simon, 1792) this is a reprint of the "Axiomes" from Vol. II of the Encyclopedie methodique article on "Chymie."... 

Antoine Lavoisier, Elements of Chemistry [1789], trans. Robert Kerr (Edinburgh William Creech, 1790 Dover reprint ed., 1965) xixxx, xxvi. And see, Antoine Fourcroy, Philosophic chimique. J. A. Deluc notes that Fourcroy s "chemical philosophy" is better understood to mean the "new chemistry" of Lavoisier. See Deluc,... 

In the course of his chemical lectures at the Ecole Polytechnique in 1794, Fourcroy distinguished the theoretical, practical, historical, and applied aspects of chemistry. 

A View of the Chemical Revolution through Contemporary Textbooks Lavoisier, Fourcroy and Chaptal." BJHS 23 (1990) 435460. 

Fourcroy, Antoine de. Philosophie chimique, ou, verites fondamentale de la chimie moderne disposes dans un nouvel ordre. Paris Imprimerie de Cl. Simon, 1792. 

Joseph Priestley found that the constituent of the atmosphere which restores the bright red color to the dark blood is dephlogisticated air (oxygen) (202). Although Fourcroy and Vauquelin believed that the iron in the blood was combined as a phosphate, it is now known to be present in a far more complex compound, hemoglobin (205). M. O. Schultze found that analyses of hemoglobins of different species yielded concordant values of 0.335 per cent of iron (206). 

In 1787 Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy introduced in their Methode de nomenclature chimique the terms carbone, for the element carbon, instead of charbon (charcoal) and acide carbonique (carbon dioxide) instead of air fixe ( fixed air ). 

Fourcroy, A.-F. de, Systeme des connaissances chimiques, Baudouin, Paris,... 

Asphalt, or Judaean bitumen, also called funeral gum, amber of Sodom, mountain pitch, or mummy balm, etc., said A.-F. de Fourcroy,... 

M. and Mme. Lavoisier. In 1777 Lavoisier gave quantitative proof of the incorrectness of the phlogiston theory. Shortly after Priestley and Scheele discovered oxygen, Lavoisier gave the true explanation of combustion and respiration Ber-thollet, Guyton de Morveau, Fourcroy, and Klaproth were among the first to accept the new views. See also ref. (60)... 

Fourcroy, A.-F., Recherches ponr servir a l histoire du gaz azote ou de la mofette, comme principe des matieres ammales, Ann chim. phys, [1], 1, 40-7 (1795) Observations sur le gaz azote contenu dans la vessie natatoire de la carpe deux nouveaux precedes pour obtemr ce gaz, ibid., [1], 1, 47-51 (1795). 

During his first three years in the city, the boy worked in various apothecary shops, and in his leisure moments studied Latin and botany. One of these pharmacies was owned by M. Cheradame, a cousin of the famous chemist, Antoine-Framyois de Fourcroy. When M. Cheradame told Fourcroy about young Vauquelin s fondness for chemistry, Fourcroy immediately engaged the hoy as his assistant and took him home. Four-croy s unmarried sisters treated the young assistant with all gentleness and kindness, and on one occasion he owed his recovery from a serious illness to their motherly care, an act of kindness which he never forgot. 

Vauquelin continued his study of physics, chemistry, and philosophy, and assisted Fourcroy in teaching a course at the Athenaeum. He was diffident about speaking in public, but as soon as he became acquainted with his new students, he always taught with pleasure and enthusiasm and soon endeared himself to them. 

One of the stirring events of the Revolution was Vauquelin s rescue, from the mob, of an unfortunate Swiss soldier who had escaped from the Tuileries massacre. Because of his participation in the Revolution, Vauquelin had to leave Paris in 1793 however, after serving as pharmacist in a military hospital for a few months, he returned to Paris to teach chemistry at the Central School of Public Works, which afterward became the Ecole Polytechnique. He later became an inspector of mines and professor of assaying at the School of Mines, where he also lived. Out of gratitude to Fourcroy s sisters, who continued to keep house for him even after the death of their brother, Vauquelin placed most of the apartment at their disposal, and both the sisters lived with him until they died (16, 35). 

Antoine-Francois de Fourcroy, 1755-1809. French chemist of the Revolutionary Period. Defender of Lavoisier s views on combustion. In collaboration with Lavoisier, Guyton de Morveau, and Berthollet he carried out a reform of chemical nomenclature. Fourcroy prepared and analyzed many reagents and medicinals. 

Fourcroy Autograph from his Systeme des Connais-sances Chimiques. ... 

Vauquelin taught for a time at the College de France and at the Jardin des Plantes, and in 1811, upon the death of his old friend and teacher, M. Fourcroy, he became his successor as professor of chemistry in the School of Medicine. In 1828 the Department of Calvados, in which his native village of St. Andr d Hebertot is situated, appointed him as one of its deputies. He discharged the duties of this office with honor, striving always for the best interest of his beloved Republic. Although his early days were spent in poverty and toil, he became a man of broad culture, took pleasure in music and literature, and frequently quoted his favorite authors, Horace and Virgil (16). 

Fourcroy predicted that this mineral would give chemists the opportunity to make a more thorough study of the properties of chromium and perhaps to discover compounds of it which, because of their rich and varied colors, would be useful in painting and in the manufacture of glass and enamel (90). He also encouraged study of the chromium alloys. The chrome-iron ore is now known as chromite. It is not a chromate, but has the spinel composition, Fe(Cr02)2-... 

A.-F. de Fourcroy said in 1799 that the most industrious chemist in England was Charles Hatchett, whose father, the King s saddle-maker,... 

Now, then [continued Berzelius], it is clear that the columbic acid of Mr. Hatchett, having been composed of oxide of tantalum and tungstic acid, which communicated to it a part of its specific properties, it is clear, I say, that Mr. Hatchett shares the discovery of tantalum in almost the same manner as MM. Fourcroy and Vauquelin share with Mr. Tennant the honor of having discovered osmium ( Thomson s System, Ed. IV, Vol. 1, p. 200), and I suppose that you will not refuse to render the same justice to the work of the Swede Ekeberg that you have just rendered to the Englishman Tennant. ... 

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