Fouling in heat exchanges

Microbiological fouling in heat exchanger pipelines, cooling towers, etc. 

Walker, R. A. and T. A. Bott, An Approach to the Prediction of Fouling in Heat Exchanger Tubes from Existing Data, Trans. Instn. Chem. Eng., London, V. 51 (1977) pp. 165-167. 

Epstein N (1981) Fouling technical aspects and fouling in heat exchangers. In Somerscales E, Knudsen J (eds) Fouling of heat transfer equipment. Hemisphere, Washington, DC pp 31-53... 

At relatively low temperatures, the problem of corrosion fouling in heat exchangers is likely to be because of a combination of condensation of water and acidic components from the flue gases, such as SO2 and SO3, giving solutions of relatively low pH. 

Curlett, P.L. and Impagliazzo, A.M., 1981, The impact of condenser tube fouling on power plant design and enconomics, in Chenoweth, J.M. and Impagliazzo, A.M. eds. Fouling in Heat Exchange Equipment. HTD, Vol. 17, ASME. 

Thackery, P.A., 1979, The cost of fouling in heat exchanger plant, in Fouling -Science or Art Inst. Corrosion Science and Technology and Inst. Chem. Engineers, Guildford. 

Bott, T.R. and Walker, R.A., 1973, An approach to the prediction of fouling in heat exchanger tubes fi"om existing data. Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. 51, No. 2, 165. 

Epstein, N., 1981, Fouling in heat exchangers. 4th Int. Conf Fouling of heat transfer equipment. New York, 235 - 253. 

Lister, D.H., 1981, Corrosion products in power generating systems, in Somerscales, E.F.C. and Knudsen, J.G. eds. Fouling in Heat Exchanger Equipment. 135 - 200. Hemisphere Pub. Corp., Washington. 

Newson. I.H., Bott, T.R. and Hussain, C.I., 1981, Studies in magnetite deposition from a flowing suspension. 20th Nat. Heat. Trans. Conf Milwaukee, Fouling in Heat Exchange Equipment, ASM HTD, 17, 73 - 81. 

Epstein, N., 1983, Fouling in heat exchangers, in Taborek, J. and Hewitt, G.F., eds. Heat Exchanger Theory and Practice. 

Knudsen, J.G., Tijitrasmoro, E. and Dun-gi X, 1984, The effect of zinc chromate inhibitors on the fouling characteristics of cooling tower water, in Suitor, J.W. and Pritchard, A.M. eds. Fouling in Heat Exchange Equipment. HID vol. 35, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs. 11-18. 

We believe that interfacial properties of milk colloids are often responsible for milk response to various treatments. As a next step, our group will investigate the role of these properties in different processing problems such as heat stability and fouling in heat exchangers. 

Fouling in heat exchange equipment, in J. Chenoweth, M. Impagliazzo (Eds.), American Society of Mechanical Engineers Symposium, vol. HTD-17, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY, 1981. 

McCurdy and Butler, Fouling in Heat Exchangers, Petroleo Interamericano, April, 1949, p. 53. 

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