Forward osmosis desalination process

Desalination is a process of removing salt from saline water. Generally, forward osmosis desalination processes involve two steps as shown in Fig. 6 (1) forward osmosis process of separating... 

McCutcheon, J.R., McGinnis, R.L. and Elimelech, M. (2005) A novel ammonia-carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process. Desalination, 174, 1-11. 

Hybrid processes are also being considered more seriously than ever [84]. There are hybrid processes, such as pretreatment by UF and NF to provide RO feedwater and RO treatment of boiler water for the distillation process, and those are already in practice. Combining RO with the emerging membrane separation processes such as MD and forward osmosis (FO) will become more important to decrease the amount of effluent from the RO desalination plant. As drinking water production by the desalination of seawater and brackish water increases, iuCTease in the quantity of salty RO effluent will become more of environmental concern. The RO hybrid process with MD and FO may become the answer to solve the problem. 

A. AchUh, T.Y. Cath, E.A. Marchand, A.E. ChUdress, The forward osmosis membrane bioreactor A low fouling alternative to MBR processes. Desalination 2009, 239, 10-21. 

C.H. Tan, H.Y. Ng, Revised external and internal concentration polarization models to improve flux prediction in forward osmosis process. Desalination 2013, 309,125-140. 

For the forward osmosis applications in both desalination and wastewater treatment, the process of forward osmosis acts as a pretreatment process, due to which the membrane fouling problem can be significantly reduced. 

McCutcheon, J. R.., R. L. McGinnis, and M. Ehmelech, A Novel Ammonia-Carbon Dioxide Forward (Direct) Osmosis Desahnation Process, Desalination, 174,2005 (pages 1-11). 

J.R. McCutcheon, R.L. McGinnis, M. Elimelech, Desalination by ammonia-carbon dioxide forward osmosis Influence of draw and feed solution concentrations on process performance. Journal of Membrane Science 278 (2006) 114-123. 

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