Formulas, synoptic

Let us divide precipitation into two basic types solid and liquid. This division can be made by means of the thermal principle or by seasons. The thermal principle is preferable due its flexibility in the event of sudden climate change and possible shifting of seasonality. Synoptic division of the seasons that experience different precipitation is justified in various regions of the globe. The average daily temperature at the onset of solid precipitation (snow) is below zero, ranging from —4°C to —7°C. On the border of this division the precipitation of a different type is observed. The relationship between the types of precipitation is described by the formula xT = a — bT, where xT is the share of solid precipitation T is temperature and a and b are empirical coefficients. For the Atlantic climatic zone a = 50 and b = 5. 

Things were no better when Gerhardt and Chancel, following Laurent, used synoptic formulae in which, e.g., urea (I) is shown (II) as carbonic acid which has lost 2 oxygens and united with 2 ammonias, each of which has lost 2 hydrogens ... 

This method of formulation, recalling the synoptic formulae of Laurent and Gerhardt (see pp. 382,460), was often used by Berthelot. He says ... 

Entries for each substance provide the structural formula, the CAS number and the PM reference number, which is the number by which substances are indexed by the Commission services e.g. in Directives and Synoptic Documents. Alternative names whether systematic lUPAC nomenclature or trivial names, are given as a further aid to... 

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