Spalding formula

Since various other vaporization mechanics also lead to equation (67), this equation has a certain degree of generality, but it must be modified if convective corrections to R become important. Spalding s extension of this analysis [52] to account for convective effects shows that in a typical case, the present formulas overestimate x by a factor of about 2 by neglecting the increased vaporization rate and increased drag. 

Generalized Coordinate Transformation. The coordinate transformation rules for extending constant-property skin friction and Stanton number formulas to account for property variations as performed by Spalding and Chi [104] can be expressed functionally as... 

The Spalding formula represents a good fit to the velocity profile in a turbulent boundary layer, i. e., from the wall to the end of the log region, thus including both the... 

DebRoy et al. [23] and Szekely et al. [43] were among the first to propose computational schemes for ladle flows based on a bulk effective viscosity model. The Pun-Spalding formula [54,56] was adopted wherein the effective viscosity was expressed as... 

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