Formation of anisotropic structures

This scenario is supported in a number of works on phase equilibrium problems near the phase boimdaiy (see reviews [214-218] and referenees in them). These works, using a large number of different objects (magnets, low moleeular weight liquids, solutions and polymer mixtures) as the examples, prove that the struetural reeonstructions in the volume are related to the processes near the phase boundary in a very eomplex way. Sometimes this relation results in the formation of anisotropic structures in the volume [217,218]. Out of the whole variety of theoretical and experimental results in this field, let us consider the numerical dependences of dispersion concentration as the funetion of the distance from the surface, obtained in the scaling approximation by de-Zhen [32]. When studying the behavior of the semidiluted solution in contact with the impenetrable wall, he showed that... 

Manski, J.M., van der Goot, A.J., Boom, R.M. (2007). Advances in structure formation of anisotropic protein-rich foods through novel processing concepts. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 18, 546-557. 

One important class of molecules abundant in foods is that of amphiphilic molecules (including fats, lipids and proteins), also known as surfactants. In the following sections some novel insights are presented into the formation of lamellar phases (colloidal structures with varying topologies depending on thermodynamic and flow conditions), and the formation of anisotropic colloidal protein structures is discussed. 

This article explores the possibilities of using simulation to predict the formation of complex structures for two relatively simple classes of mesomorphic materials liquid crystal polymers and liquid crystal dendrimers (figure 1). In the first section of the article we discuss briefly some of the models available currently to the simulator. We then review some of our preliminary work in this area, developing hybrid models composed of a mixture of anisotropic and isotropic sites and using them to study liquid crystal polymers and dendrimers. We point also to some of the problems still faced in this area and some of the likely future developments designed to overcome them. 

Although many techniques such as conventional TEM (sometimes on selective staining), cryo-TEM, SEM, SAXS, and 2D NOESY NMR have been employed to reveal the exact structure of anisotropic particles such as Janus, multicompartment, and patchy particles, it is still difficult to fully determine the structure of the particle. Often, TEM is used to provide direct evidence for the formation of anisotropic particles. However, for samples with poor... 

Hence, in the case of SC4C the formation of anisotropic interatomic bonding with the participation of two groups of structurally... 

When an external magnetic field is applied to an initially stable suspension of magnetic particles, a dipolar interaction arises that leads to the formation of anisotropic aggregates aligned along the field direction. The final morphology of the structures mainly depends on the particle volume fraction of the colloidal suspension ... 

Crystals have spatially preferred directions relative to their internal lattice structure with consequences for orientation-dependent physico-chemical properties i.e., they are anisotropic. This anisotropy is the reason for the typical formation of flat facetted faces. For the configuration of the facets the so-called Wullf theorem [20] was formulated as in a crystal in equihbrium the distances of the facets from the centre of the crystal are proportional to their surface free energies. ... 

Even if the peculiarities of net-formation of nonspherical particles are not taken into account, at least two fundamentally new effects arise during the flow of dispersion. First, this is the possibility to be oriented in the flow, as a consequence of which the medium becomes anisotropic. And second, this is the possibility to rotate the spherical particles in the flow (spherical particles can, of course, rotato too, but their rotation does not affect the structure of the system as a whole). 

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