Kimmeridge Clay Formation

Macquaker JHS, Curtis CD, Coleman ML (1997) The role of iron in mudstone diagenesis Comparison of Kimmeridge Clay Formation mudstones from onshore and offshore (UKCS) localities. J Sed Res 67 871-878... 

The crude oil used by Bennett and Barter (1997) was a typical North Sea oil generated from Upper Jurassic, Kimmeridge clay formation source rocks. The alkylphenol distribution in a sample of (Miller) crude oil, determined using solid phase extraction (SPE), is shown in Fig. 16.21. The crude oil is dominated by phenol and cresol and contains appreciable quantities of dimethylphenols. The concentrations of 2,3-, 3,4-, and 3,5-dimethylphenol also include a contribution from 2-, 3-, and 4-ethylphenols, because they coelute under the conditions employed (Bennett et ah, 1996). 

Saelen G., Tyson R. V., Talbot M. R., and Telnaes N. (1998) Evidence of recycling of isotopically light C02(aq) in stratified black shale basins contrasts between the Whitby Mudstone and Kimmeridge Clay formations, United Kingdom. Geology 26, 747-750. 

Fig. 9, Core photomicrographs from a GEA well showing contrasting fracture fabrics within the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of a wrench-related inversion.

Magnus Macaulay et al. (1993) Emery et at. (1993) Kimmeridge Clay Formation Submarine fan sst. U. Jurassic 2990 116... 

Fig. 4. 18 Typical changes in oxygen-containing functional group content with increasing maturity (represented by burial depth) of type II kerogen from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the UK sector of the North Sea (after Patience et al. 1992). Data obtained from 13C NMR analysis, so the functional groups are represented by the signal of the C atom(s) directly bonded to each O atom (n.b. two O atoms are associated with each carboxyl C, but two C atoms with each ester O).

Fig. 5.51 Kerogen transformation at a constant heating rate of3°CMyr 1, based on single A plus discrete Eact distributions (after Tegelaar Noble 1994) for tasmanites (type I, Cretaceous, North Slope, Alaska), Monterey shale (type II—S, Miocene, Ventura, California), Kimmeridge Clay (type II, Jurassic, North Sea) andManville Formation (type III, Cretaceous, Alberta). Modelled vitrinite reflectance based on EASY%Ro (after Sweeney Burnham 1990 Table 5.5).

Generation and expulsion. In the western source kitchen, petroleum generation from Upper Jurassic source rocks commenced towards the end of the Cretaceous (56.5 Ma bp) and was almost complete by mid Miocene times (10.4 Ma bp) when transformation ratios of 0.9 were reached. In the easterly kitchen, generation from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (KCF) source rock was only just starting at this time (TR<0.3). At 10.4 Ma bp, no generation has occurred from Upper Jurassic... 

Fig. 3. Organic rich rocks in Haltenbanken include the coals and shales in the Are Formation (Brent equivalent), the Melke (Heather equivalent) and the Spekk (Kimmeridge Clay equivalent) Formations. Petroleum in Haltenbanken is sourced mainly from the Spekk/(Melke) Formation. Petroleum from the Are coals and shales may have increased hydrocarbon saturation in carrier rocks long before the onset of oil expulsion from the Spekk Formation.

Scotchman, I. C. 1991. Kerogen facies and maturity of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the southern and eastern England. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 8, 278-295. 

Macquaker, J. H. S. R. L. Gawthorpe, 1993. Mudstone Uthofacies in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, Wessex Basin, southern England implications for the origin and controls of the distribution of mudstones. J. Sed. Petrol. 63 1129-1143. 

Acetic acid (C2) is typically the most abundant of the monocarboxylic acids and comprises more than 50mol% of the total acids generated from source rocks during hydrous pyrolysis. Barth et al. (1989) conducted a series of hydrous pyrolysis experiments on aliquots of a powdered shale sample from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation. The aliquots were isothermally heated for 72 h at temperatures ranging from 200 to 350 °C. Acetic acid in the reacted waters increased with increasing temperature. The percent of acetic... 

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