Forces thermodynamics

The results of a thermodynamic analysis of the interactions in Equations (127) and (128), as presented in [452], show that a coherent shell of tantalum and niobium hydroxides is formed on the surface of the columbite or tantalite during the interaction with sulfuric acid. The formation of the shell drives the process towards a forced thermodynamic equilibrium between the initial components and the products of the interaction, making any further interaction thermodynamically disadvantageous. It was also shown that, from a thermodynamic standpoint, the formation of a pseudomorphic structure on the surface of columbite or tantalite components is preferable to the formation of tantalum and niobium oxysulfates. Hence, the formation of the pseudomorphic phases catalyzes the interaction described by Equation (127) while halting that described by Equation (128). 

Boltzmann s constant T moment of force, thermodynamic temperature (in... 

Baskakov, I.A., and D.W. Bolen (1998). Forcing thermodynamically unfolded proteins to fold. J. Biol. Chem. 273 4831-4834. 

For the physical adsorption of gases on solids the attraction between the molecules and the surface is almost the exclusive driving force. Thermodynamically this means that such gas adsorption is exothermic. Usually the enthalpy of adsorption per molecule depends on 0 because of heterogeneity (upon filling an adsorbent with adsorbate the "highest energetic" parts are covered first) and because, with increasing 0, lateral interaction also increases (this contribution may be attractive or repulsive). 

In metabolic systems, the approach to forces (thermodynamics) and flows (kinetics) is less apparent. The two are interconnected in subtle, yet important. 

In 1989 the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) of the International Council for Science conducted a project to establish internationally agreed values for the thermodynamic properties of key chemical substances [47]. In 1959 the Dow Thermal Laboratory was commissioned to prepare the Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Thermodynamic Tables (JANAF Thermodynamic Tables) that are issued from time to time [148],... 

The electrochemical mobility unit is therefore mol s kg or mol m s J . Thanks to the link between molar flux density and local velocity described in section 4.1.1.1, one ends up with the same proportionality link between flux and force (thermodynamics of linear irreversible processes) as seen previously ... 

The X2 dependence of Api (provided that there exists a region of liquid-liquid phase separation) has as charcicteristic a shape as the P vs V dependence for a one-component system within the two-phase region (cf. Figures 1.5 and 1.4), which reveals a general character of any thermodynamic force —(thermodynamic coordinate) dependence in a two-phase equilibrium. 

Both free-energy relationships expressed by eqs. (7.6) and (7.18) would imply that reactions which have a strong driving force thermodynamically will also proceed rapidly. However, if we consider this more deeply we will see that such an implication does not hold generally. For example, the energetically favourable oxidation of hydrocarbons in the presence of air may not take place for years, whereas the energetically unfavourable hydration of carbon dioxide takes place in seconds. For elementary reactions, the correct interpretation rests on the values of the intrinsic barriers. 

This equation can be thought of as the result of the balance between two types of forces thermodynamic forces due to the solvent swelling the network (left-hand side of the equation) and elastic forces resisting the network expansion (right-hand side). 

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