Force field microstructural analysis

It should be noted that most of the microstructural data to be presented rely on different characterization techniques using electron microscopy in combination with other scanning probe microscopy techniques, e.g. scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The details of specimen preparation and the analysis techniques of electron microscopy are described in other chapters of this book and are therefore not further covered in this chapter. The references provided in the chapter are merely a selection, since the field of research is vivid and the number of publications is large. The goal is to show the salient features which can be further explored by use of the referenced literature. 

Morphological study for hybrid/composite manbranes is a very important method to investigate the microstructure and thus correlate with the properties of the composite polyelectrolytes. To better understand the structure-property relationship for PEMs, except for spectral analysis as mentioned earlier, microscopic studies such as field mission (FE) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AEM) technologies are basically extensively utilized. 

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