Fluorescence microscopy cellular uptake

Combining fluorescence spectroscopy with fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy could be used to elucidate the pathway of siderophore-mediat iron uptake in the fungus Ustilago maydis, and visualize this pathway by providing unique fluorescent microscopic images. Using these techniques, clear images of two independent iron-uptake mechanisms have become visualized as well as their cellular compartment locahzed. 

The cellular uptake of these 3LNPs was observed using confocal scanning laser fluorescence microscopy. SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells were cultured with... 

FIGURE 6.12 Ruorescence microscopy shows clear evidence for cellular uptake of fluorescently labeled PG nanogels via an endocytotic pathway. Source Sisson et al. [27], scheme 1, figure 3. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley Sons. (See insert for color representation of the figure.)... 

Polyplex uptake is typically assessed by transfecting cells with polyplexes formed with nucleic acids labeled with a fluorescent tag (such as rhodamine, fluorescein, and the alexa fluor dasses of dyes). " In some cases, the polymer or dendrimer can also be labeled with a fluorophore and cellular internalization of both the polymer and the nudeic acid is monitored. The assessment is then typically made by one or more of the following techniques measurement of the cell lysate fluorescence, fluorescence microscopy (wide-field or confocal miaoscopy)... 

Gold(l) alkynyl derivatives containing the water-soluble PTA and DAPTA phos-phane ligands (see examples 34-36 in Figure 4.10) are cytotoxic in cancer cells and their cellular uptake was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy using the luminescent properties of these organometallics [117]. As expected, the complexes lack... 

Fig. 11 (a) SEM image of NanoGSE. (b) Cellular uptake of folic-acid-modified NanoGSE, as shown by fluorescence microscopy after incubation for 2 h (a) KB, (h) A549 and (c, d) KB cells with apoptotic features dually stained using Annexin V and propidium iodide after 24 h of incubation [173]... 

The prudent choice of appropriate side chain protecting groups for Lys and Arg did pose a particular problem in combination with the chemical stability of the metallocenes and available resins and linkers. In order to study cellular uptake and localization in the nucleus of living cells, derivatives of 36 and 37 with an additional fluorescent dye attached to the peptide were also prepared. Cellular uptake and localization of these conjugates was then followed in different cell lines by fluorescence microscopy. This is the first study of sub-cellular localization of organometaiiic peptide derivatives with non-radioactive metals (see also Section 5.5.3.2 below for an example ofa dual radiometal- and fluorescent-labeled peptide). 

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