Fluorescence labeling, living cells

The silicone nanocapsules are especially attractive in the field of the encapsulation of various chemical molecules (drugs, fluorescent labels), living cells, or enzymes, so they might be used in the preparation of drug delivery systems or nanoreactors. 

Preparation and characterization of new magnetic fluorescent nanoparticles (Fe203) to label living cells... 

M. Edidin, Fluorescent labeling of cell surfaces. In Y.-L. Wang, D.L. Taylor (eds.), Fluorescent microscopy of living cells in culture Part A. New York Academic Press (1989) 87. 

Georgi A, Mottola-Hartshom C, Warner A et al (1990) Detection of individual fluorescently labeled reovirions in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 6579-6583... 

Due to their longer wavelength fluorescence and photostability, rhodamine and its derivatives have often been employed for the labeling of probes tested in living cells. Like fluorescein, the chemical structure of rhodamine consists of an upper xanthene ring and a lower benzene ring. In this case, the xanthene ring is substituted... 

Bark, S. J. and Hahn, K. M. (2000). Fluorescent indicators of peptide cleavage in the trafficking compartments of living cells Peptides site-specifically labeled with two dyes. Methods 20, 429-435. 

Fig. 12 CNTs act as a vector for drug delivery into living cells. After incubation of HeLa cells with AlexaFluor594-labeled SWNTs for 12 h at 37 °C, living cells were observed under confocal fluorescence microscope for a CNT uptake study, (a) Images show dual confocal detection of AlexaFluor594-SWNT (red) internalized into cells with the membrane stained by AlexaFluor488 (green), (b) Series of images of different z-focal scanning planes down through cells. (Adapted from [61])...

Scherson, T., Kreis, T.E., Schlessinger, J., Littauer, U., Borisy, G.G., and Geiger, B. (1984) Dynamic interactions of fluorescently labeled microtubule-associated proteins in living cells./. Cell Biol. 99, 425-434. 

Yu J, Choi S, Richards Cl, Antoku Y, Dickson RM (2008) Live cell surface labeling with fluorescent Ag nanocluster conjugates. Photochem Photobiol 84 1435-1439... 

There have been rather few studies of the location of probes in whole cells. DPH incorporates into most subcellular fractions (see, e.g, Ref. 64), whereas with TMA-DPH, early after introduction only the plasma membranes appear to be labeled/64,65) There is considerable interest in examining the lipid motional properties of living cells by fluorescence techniques. In this type of study the location of the probe has to be carefully checked before conclusions can be drawn. This is carried out by separate measurements of the recovery of probe from intact labeled cells in isolated subcellular fractions and/or by fluorescence microscopy. 

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