Fluorene, metallation

The synthesis of a further group of co-facial dimers containing all-nitrogen donor atoms have been described (Busch, 1980). For example, Ni(n) species of type (142 with R = -(CH2)2-,-(CH2)2,-(CH2)4, m-xylene, or Cy-fluorene) have been isolated (Busch et al., 1981 Herron et al., 1983) these nickel dimers contain the metal ions in square-planar environments. 

Although the exact mechanism of the fluorenone formation is not known, it is believed that the monoalkylated fluorene moieties, present as impurities in poly(dialkylfluorenes), are the sites most sensitive to oxidation. The deprotonation of rather acidic C(9)—H protons by residue on Ni(0) catalyst, routinely used in polymerization or by metal (e.g., calcium) cathode in LED devices form a very reactive anion, which can easily react with oxygen to form peroxides (Scheme 2.26) [293], The latter are unstable species and can decompose to give the fluorenone moiety. It should also be noted that the interaction of low work-function metals with films of conjugated polymers in PLED is a more complex phenomenon and the mechanisms of the quenching of PF luminescence by a calcium cathode was studied by Stoessel et al. [300],... 

Pei and coworkers [362] synthesized fluorene copolymer functionalized with imidazole ligands in the side chains (270). The PL emission of 270 was sensitive to the presence of metal cations in solution (particularly efficient quenching was due to Cu2+), which makes it a promising material for fluorescent chemosensing. 

Many large band-gap organic materials have been explored for blue emission. To summarize, they are the distyrylarylene series, anthracenes, perylenes, fluorenes, heterocyclic compounds, and metal complexes. 

Side reactions can be partly cut down when the reduction by alkali metals is carried out in the presence of proton donors such as triphenylmethane, fluorene, or secondary amines ( -alkyanilines). The products of the initial... 

Standard organolithium reagents such as butyllithium, ec-butyllithium or tert-butyllithium deprotonate rapidly, if not instantaneously, the relatively acidic hydrocarbons of the 1,4-diene, diaryhnethane, triarylmethane, fluorene, indene and cyclopentadiene families and all terminal acetylenes (1-alkynes) as well. Butyllithium alone is ineffective toward toluene but its coordination complex with A/ ,A/ ,iV, iV-tetramethylethylenediamine does produce benzyllithium in high yield when heated to 80 To introduce metal into less reactive hydrocarbons one has either to rely on neighboring group-assistance or to employ so-called superbases. 

Compounds om.4 and om.5 have the same metal center as om.l, but longer conjugated linkers, which also incorporate fluorene units, and they have terminal donor groups. 2PA spectra of these molecules are characterized by... 

The reactions of metal carbonyl complexes, containing more than one coordinated TFIF molecule, in a series of cases lead to incomplete exchange of these ligands. In this respect, the following synthesis (3.100) of the radical complex of fluorene 691 is representative [274,275] ... 

Structures of type XVIII or XIX as proposed for the diazodicyanomethane complex (Table 12) may also apply to the complexes of diphenyldiazomethane and 9-diazo-fluorene. The formation of the ketenimine complex (45) from the reaction of (CN)2CN2 and Ni(t-BuNC)4 probably occurs via attack of the complexed dicyano-methylene carbene on the isocyanide ligand113 The observation that these complexes112 113 catalyze the formation of ketenimines from isocyanides and diazo compounds, a reaction which does not proceed under same conditions without the transition metal, may be of preparative value 113 ... 

In a vessel for electrolysis three parallel nickel plates were installed. The inner nickel plate was the working electrode (anode), and the two outer nickel plates were counter electrodes (cathode). A 1.2 liter mixture consisting of fluorene (0.01 mol) and LiPFs (0.1 mol) dissolved in propylene carbonate were then added to the vessel. The three nickel plates were immersed in the mixture to a depth of 90 mm. Two lithium metal sheets were used as reference electrodes, with each sheet placed between the anode and the cathode. The electrolysis was carried out by a potential-sweep method for 4 hours under a potential width of 4.5 to 6.7 V with a sweep time of 50 mV/s. The inner... 

The relatively strong Bronsted acidity of cyclopentadienes, indenes, and fluorenes, permits the formation of alkali metal compounds of the conjugate bases of these organic molecules by direct reaction with the metal. The effect of substitnents on the rate of formation of 9-R-fluorenylhthium componnds in THE solution and on the degree of ion pairing in solutions of these species has been determined. Potassinm derivatives are commonly prepared by the reaction of the cyclopentadiene with potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide. Eluorenyl and indenyl compounds with the heavier alkah metals, Rb and Cs, are also prepared by reaction with the metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amide. The cyclopentadienyl ring in alkali metal compounds can also be coordinated to other metals. ... 

Organomagnesium compounds are kinetically less-reactive bases toward weakly acidic hydrogens than organolithium compounds. Usually, Metalation using an organomagnesium compound is practically limited to acid hydrogens with pXa of about 25 or lower. This includes aUcynes (equation 14) and derivatives of cyclopentadiene, indene, and fluorene. Even... 

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