Fluctuating gap model

Fluctuating Gap Model Fowler-Nordheim fluorine-doped tin dioxide full width at half maximum geminate pair... 

This model, which is sometimes referred to as the Fluctuating Gap Model (FGM) [42], has been used to study various aspects of quasi-one-dimensional systems. Examples arc the thermodynamic properties of quasi-one-dimensional organic compounds (NMP-TCNQ, TTF-TCNQ) [271, the effect of disorder on the Peierls transition [43, 44, and the effect of quantum lattice fluctuations on the optical spectrum of Peierls materials [41, 45, 46]. 

Gaussian axial fluctuation (GAP) model for peptide plane reorientation about the C —axis, which was initially proposed to interpret spin relaxation derived order parameters [110], is useful to describe a common anisotropic component of protein backbone dynamics [111]. A complete three-dimensional GAP (3D GAP) analysis of local motion was conducted using an extensive set of RDCs from the third immunoglobin binding domain of streptococcal protein G (GB3) [112]. The averaged coupling is calculated by using Eq. (1.39), as a function of Oy and <7, and the amph-... 

The lanthanide compounds are usually treated in magnetism by an f-localized model, but show various interesting phenomena such as valence fluctuations, gap states, Kondo lattice, and heavy electrons. These originate from the 4f electrons in the lantiianide compounds, which are either bound to the lanthanide atoms or delocalized, indicating... 

Some authors have described the time evolution of the system by more general methods than time-dependent perturbation theory. For example, War-shel and co-workers have attempted to calculate the evolution of the function /(r, Q, t) defined by Eq. (3) by a semi-classical method [44, 96] the probability for the system to occupy state v]/, is obtained by considering the fluctuations of the energy gap between and 11, which are induced by the trajectories of all the atoms of the system. These trajectories are generated through molecular dynamics models based on classical equations of motion. This method was in particular applied to simulate the kinetics of the primary electron transfer process in the bacterial reaction center [97]. Mikkelsen and Ratner have recently proposed a very different approach to the electron transfer problem, in which the time evolution of the system is described by a time-dependent statistical density operator [98, 99]. 

The ratio Ap/kTc is nearly constant in the optimal doping region and it increases rapidly with c diminishing from c0. It is possible to speculate on various further properties of cuprates on the basis of the present model. If one asks about the temperature dependence of the normal state gaps, one must incorporate the complicated calculation of Qq T) [8] and account for the fluctuations of the superconductivity order partameter. 

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