Flow through configuration

Fig. 2.5. Flow-through configuration of a reaction path. A packet of fluid reacts with an aquifer as it migrates. Any minerals that form as reaction products are left behind and, hence, isolated from further reaction.

In a second calculation, we model the reaction path taken when the minerals, once precipitated, cannot redissolve into the fluid. In this model, the solutes in seawater fractionate into the minerals as they precipitate, irreversibly altering the fluid composition. As discussed in Chapter 2, we set up such a model using the flow-through configuration. The procedure is... 

Fig. 24.9. Volumes of minerals precipitated during a reaction model simulating the evaporation of seawater as a fractionating system (the flow-through configuration) at 25 °C, calculated using the Harvie-Mpller-Wearc activity model.

One of the most important factors in the selection of the sample handling technique is to attempt to analyze the sample, as it exists, without any form of chemical or physical modification. For gases and certain liquids, simple transmission cells, often with a flow-through configuration meet these requirements. 

The geometry of the membrane reactor and the relative locations and flow directions of the feed, permeate and reientate streams all play important roles in the reactor performance. The simplest, but not efficient, membrane reactors consist of disk or foil membranes with a flow-through configuration [Mischenko et al., 1979 Fumeaux et al., 1987]. The same type of membrane reactor can also be consu cted and operated in the more common crossflow mode. 

Using a similar approach, Masuda et al. [219] employed a ZSM-5 zeolite membrane in a flow-through configuration for the methanol-to-olefins process. As in the previous work, permeating molecules would ideally have a uniform residence time... 

Fig. 5. Typical flow-through configurations for ISEs in clinical analyzers (1) internal Ag/AgCl wire (2) internal reference solution (3) ion-selective membrane.

Ilinitch et al. [13, 14] have studied the catalytic oxidation of sulfides. For this reaction, macroporous polymeric membranes, impregnated with a sodium salt of tetra(sulfophthalocyanine)cobalt(II) (Co-TSPC), were used. The MR utilized included macroporous membranes and operated in a flow-through configuration. 

Finally, in CMRs operating in flow-through configuration (see Figure 11.22c), largely investigated for enzyme-catalyzed reactions, a pranixed feed stream is forced to... 

Figure 213. Four different configurations with a porous membrane in a membrane reactor for selective oxidation (a) packed-bed enclosed membrane reactor (b) membrane with catalytic activity as contactor (c) flow-through configuration (d) three-phase contactor.

Corbo, D. and M. Bertotti. 2002. Use of a copper electrode in alkaline medium as an amperometric sensor for sulphite in a flow-through configuration. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 374 416-420. 

Design, in rough schematic, a flow-cell (flow-through) configuration for continuous electrochemical synthesis of a typical CP, such as P(Py), in a 2-electrode mode. Estimate throughputs, production capacity and likely doping level. 

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