Flow techniques chips

Other techniques include oxidative, steam atmosphere (33), and molten salt (34) pyrolyses. In a partial-air atmosphere, mbber pyrolysis is an exothermic reaction. The reaction rate and ratio of pyrolytic filler to ok products are controlled by the oxygen flow rate. Pyrolysis in a steam atmosphere gives a cleaner char with a greater surface area than char pyroly2ed in an inert atmosphere however, the physical properties of the cured compounded mbber are inferior. Because of the greater surface area, this pyrolytic filler could be used as activated carbon, but production costs are prohibitive. Molten salt baths produce pyroly2ed char and ok products from tine chips. The product characteristics and quantities depend on the salt used. Recovery of char from the molten salt is difficult. 

Electroosmotic flow (EOE) is thus the mechanism by which liquids are moved from one end of the sepai ation capillai y to the other, obviating the need for mechanical pumps and valves. This makes this technique very amenable to miniaturization, as it is fai simpler to make an electrical contact to a chip via a wire immersed in a reservoir than to make a robust connection to a pump. More important, however, is that all the basic fluidic manipulations that a chemist requires for microchip electrophoresis, or any other liquid handling for that matter, have been adapted to electrokinetic microfluidic chips. 

The Knorr synthesis was chosen as an example to demonstrate that with an automated micro-reactor system a further step was made over existing parallel micro flow processing techniques, providing a 2 x 2 library in a chip micro reactor [20]. The new approach was designed for much higher diversity, aiming at a 7 x 32 library. 

Polymer processing can be defined as the process whereby raw materials are converted into products of desired shape and properties. Thermoplastic resins are generally supplied as pellets, marbles, or chips of varying sizes and they may contain some or all of the desired additives. When heated above their Tg, thermoplastic materials soften and flow as viscous liquids that can be shaped using a variety of techniques and then cooled to lock in the micro- and gross structure. 

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique had become popular in interaction studies between biological molecules (1). It is an optical biosensor, and the interactions can be detected by SPR angle shift or reflection light intensity. In typical SPR measurement, one of pair interacting biomolecules was immobilized on a gold chip, and another was flowed over the chip as its solution. There are two major advantages in SPR assay (a) real time evaluations on kinetics studies and (b) label-free measurements. 

Where a recrystallisation has been conducted in a centrifuge or small diameter tube and too much solvent has been added initially, concentration of the solution may be effected by the following technique. A small carborundum chip is introduced and the tube is heated very carefully over a water or oil bath of suitable temperature to give gentle boiling. A flow of nitrogen is directed to the surface of the boiling liquid by means of a capillary-end pipette the process is continued until the required concentration is effected. The technique of concentration may also be used in those cases where further crystalline crops are required from the mother-liquor. 

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