Float—current behavior

At present, two procedures are used to characterize the self-discharge behavior of ECSCs and batteries. One of them consists of the measurement of the time dependence of voltage drop under open circuit to distinguish between the self-discharge mechanisms, as described earlier. Another procedure is float current measurement of the dependence of current on time at a constant potential for an individual electrode or at constant voltage V on the cell. 

Confinement techniques for chemical spills that enter waterways must be developed around three types of chemical behavior spills that float, spills that sink, and spills that mix. Once the spill enters a waterway, the spill material is subject to the same movement and dispersal forces as the body of water. Currents and wind can cause spills to move and spread over wide areas relatively quickly and make rapid containment all the more important. Floating spills are usually visible and can be monitored with relative ease as they move on the water. Since the fastest flow rates occur at the surface of rivers and streams, floating spills travel at speeds equal to the greatest surface current speed. 

SHOAL was not the first project to develop a robot that mimics the behavior of fish. Unlike the other projects, which are based on a sophisticated robotic platform, the Bayen group from UC Berkley designed a simpler system (see Fig. 23.16). They based their system on a mobile floating sensor network. The sensors were put into a floating device equipped with a cellidar device (smart-phone) which served as the microprocessor. The devices were then scattered in estuarine environments and rivers and were carried by the current trough the area of interest. The data from the... 

---