Flexibility penalty term

Presumably the ketone experiences less rotational restriction than the amide, but any enhancement in flexibility had little apparent effect on efficacy in this case. The relatively poor inhibitory capacity of the ether 109 was explained in terms of the energy penalty created by differences between the bound and solution conformation of the dihydropyran ring. 

Conscious hedging against the consequences of outsourcing risk consists in the application of penalties and clear terms of cooperation, with the scope of liability specified in agreements. The transfer of risk to insurance is a method rarely used. Half of respondents declared that they do not use any protection against potential problems. Conflicts and disputes are mainly resolved in line with formal procedures (64%). Some of the analysed companies, however, demonstrate a certain flexibility and conventionality (26%) as well as confidence (10%) in this respect. This means that, to a certain extent, the relationship between the supplier and the customer is based on partnership. 

The association of two solvated, polar surfaces necessarily requires the removal of any intervening solvent. This removal requires free energy, because the surfaces interact with, and impose order on, the solvent with which they are in contact. Because of this energetic penalty, two surfaces will repel each other at short distances. This repulsion has been termed the solvation force although it truly arises from desolvation. If the surfaces are smooth and inflexible, the repulsive force is oscillatory. This has been well characterized in both experiments [136] and computer simulations [150], For lipid bilayers, or any other flexible surfaces, these oscillations are smeared out by oscillations in the surfaces themselves, and the force between the surfaces becomes a monotoni-cally decreasing function of the separation between the surfaces [151,152]. For several types of bilayers in water, the repulsive force is of the form of equation (13) with A 1.0-2.0A. Moreover, it was determined experimentally that for bilayers composed of egg phosphatidyl choline in water, formamide, and 1,3-propanediol, the decay length (A) was found to be 2.1, 2.9, and 3.1 A respectively. These data suggest that while A increases with the size of the solvent molecule, it does not vary monotonically with other properties of the sol-... 

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