Flattening ratio calculation

One of the earliest analytical models for the calculation of flattening ratio of a droplet impinging on a solid surface was developed by Jones.1508] In this model, the effects of surface tension and solidification were ignored. Thus, the flattening ratio is only a function of the Reynolds number. Discrepancies between experimental results and the predictions by this model have been reported and discussed by Bennett and PoulikakosJ380]... 

Detector saturation can effect both quantitative and qualitative data analysis, and each of these effects should be appreciated. The effect on sample quanti-tation is intuitive, where for instance a twofold increase in sample concentration produces a less than twofold increase in response. This will cause a flattening of calibration curves at higher concentrations. For API techniques, source saturation (or ion suppression) is another source of response saturation independent of detector saturation. Detector saturation can also effect qualitative measurements such as mass accuracy and isotope ratio calculations. In the former, when a mass spectral peak that has some finite resolution stalls to saturate the detector the peak-top calculations that provide the m/ measurement of the peak will become ambiguous. Likewise, it is possible that as one isotope of an ion starts to saturate the detector, adjacent isotopes in the distribution will still provide a linear response. The result of this is that incorrect isotope ratios will be obtained. Changes in relative isotope ratios of individual spectra across a chromatographic peak is an indicator of possible detector saturation. 

Fig. 10.51 a-c. Quantitative indexes in carpal tunnel syndrome, a Nerve cross-sectional area. This measure is calculated at the point of maximum nerve swelling by the transverse (a) and anteroposterior (b) diameters of the nerve using the ellipse formula [abjc/4]. b,c Flattening ratio. This measure is determined at the distal carpal tunnel by dividing the transverse diameter (aj of the nerve by its anteroposterior diameter (b). In c, the measurement of nerve diameters for calculating the flattening ratio is shown in a transverse 12-5 MHz US image of the distal carpal tunnel. The threshold values for these measurements are reported in Sect. 10.5.2.3... 

The calculations revealed that full conversion of the fuel was no longer jjossible with more than 10% load of the reactor due to the increasing effect of heat losses and an increasing contribution of axial heat conduction along the axis of the reactor length, which flattened its temperature profile. Increasing the O/C ratio of the feed from 0.75 to 1 compensated for these effects, as shown in Figure 5.18. 

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