Flat heads examples

Specialty tools are often classified by the main function they serve. Some examples are pulling tools such as hooks or pike poles, and prying tools such as pry bars. Some tools also have secondary uses. An axe is normally used for cutting however, a flat-head axe can also be used as a striking tool to drive another tool. 

Measurements of sound velocity at ultrasonic frequencies are usually made by an acoustic interferometer. An example of this apparatus11 is shown in Fig. 2. An optically flat piezo-quartz crystal is set into oscillation by an appropriate electrical circuit, which is coupled to an accurate means of measuring electrical power consumption. A reflector, consisting of a bronze piston with an optically flat head parallel to the oscillating face of the quartz, is moved slowly towards or away from the quartz by a micrometer screw. The electrical power consumption shows successive fluctuations as the distance between quartz and reflector varies between positions of resonance and non-resonance of the gas column. Measurement of the distance between resonance positions gives a value for A/2, and if /... 

Example 10.2. For the flat head in Example 10.1, deteimine the deflection at the center for both edge conditions. 

Example 10.1. Determine the maximum stress in a flat head under internal pressure of 1000 psi, diameter d = 48 in., and thickness / = 7 in. for both simple-supported and fixed-edge conditions. Assume carbon steel with p = 0.3. 

Example 10.3. Determine the minimum required thickness of an integral flat head with internal pressure p equal to 1000 psi, S = 15,000 psi, d = 48 in. with no corrosion, and no weld joints within the head ( = 1.0). The arrangement is the same as that given in Fig. 10.5, sketch b - 2, with m = 1.0. 

Suppose the flat head in Example 10.8 is made by butt-welding flat plates together. The welds are spot examined so that E = 0.85. What is the minimum required head thickness ... 

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