Flagella Salmonella

The flagella of bacteria such as . coli and Salmonella can rotate counterclockwise and clockwise (the direction of rotation defined for a flagellum viewed from its distal end towards the bacterial cell), and they can also pause [209,405, 407, 591,658]. A pause seems to result from a futile switching attempt from counterclockwise to clockwise [211]. Under non-stimulated conditions, the flagella rotate mostly counterclockwise with brief intermissions of clockwise rotation and pauses. The flagellar motors of other bacterial species may similarly have three functional states, or they may only have two states rotation in one direction and pausing (e.g., in K sphaeroides), or rotation in both directions without pausing (e.g., in Pseudomonas) (Table 1). 

Hirano, T., Minamino, T. and Macnab, R.M. (2001). The role in flagellar rod assembly of the N-terminal domain of Salmonella FlgJ, a flagellum-specific muramidase./. Mol. Biol. 312, 359-369. 

Yokoseki, T., lino, T. and Kutsukake, K. (1996). Negative regulation by FliD, FhS, and FliT of the export of the flagellum-specific anti-sigma factor, FlgM, in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacterial. 178, 899-901. 

Cheng K, Sloan A, Meakin J, et al. Sequence-level and dual-phase identification of Salmonella flagellum antigens by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Clin Mieiobiol. 2014b 52 2189-92. doi 10.1128/JCM.00242-14. 

---