Fixed range hopping

We note a temperature dependence of the zero field mobility as exp[—( F()/F)2], a behavior which is indeed encountered in real organic semiconductors, and differs from both Millers-Abrahams fixed range and Moll s variable range hopping models. 

By their nature, and in contrast with microscopic and scattering techniques that are used to elucidate long-ranged structure, spectroscopic methods interrogate short-range structure such as interactions between fixed ions in side chains and counterions, main chain conformations and conformational dynamics, and the fundamental hopping events of water molecules. The most common methods involve infrared (mid-IR and to a much lesser extent near- and far-IR) and solid-state NMR spectroscopies, although other approaches, such as molecular probes, have been utilized. 

Polyalkylthiophenes with alkyl chains fix)m 1 to 20 carbon atoms long have been prepared by electrosynthesis [64,84,124]. The degree of polymerization was in the range 90-300 [84,124], i.e. much higher than that of unsubstituted polythiophene, which is due to the increased solubility. The conductivity was found to decrease as the length of the allyl chain increased, as a result of the increased electron hopping distance, but remained at a high level (e.g. 16 S cm for 14 carbon atoms [64]). 

In ad-hoc networks, there is no cellular structure and there are no fixed base stations. Instead, a mobile host communicates directly with another mobile host that is a single radio hop away. A mobile host can also function as an intermediate node relaying data between MHs that are more than a single hop apart. Ad-hoc mobile networks allow spontaneous LANs to be created anywhere and anytime, supporting nomadic collaborative computing. A route in an ad-hoc network comprises the source, the destination, and intermediate nodes. Movements by any of these nodes may affect the route. If any of the nodes involved in a specific route moves out of the range of its... 

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