Fisher Controls Company

References 1 and 2 were used extensive for this section. The sizing procedure is generally that of Fisher Controls Company. 

Fisher Controls Company, Sizing and Selection Data,... 

Anderson, G. D., Guidelines for Selection of Liquid Level Control Equipment, Fisher Controls Company. 

The historical dominance of US valve manufacturers has led to valve characteristics often being given in standard US units (US gallons, standard cubic feet per hour, etc.). A particularly important influence because of its extensive research into and testing of control valves was the Fisher Controls Company of Marshalltown, Iowa (now part of Fisher-Rosemount Ltd.) This appendix converts the basic liquid-flow equation from US to SI units. The appendix then goes on to derive Fisher s Universal Gas-Sizing Equation ( FUGSE ) from the basic liquid-flow equation and shows how this may be converted into SI units. 

Apparatus. Fluorescent measurements were made with an AMINCO SPF-125 spectrofluorometer (American Instrument Co., Silver Spring, Maryland) equipped with a thermostated cuvette. A strip chart recorder (Omnlgraphlc-2000, Houston Instrument, Austin, Texas) was used to record the fluorescent Intensity as a function of time. Temperature was controlled with a LAUDA thermostated water bath circulator (Model K-2/R, Fisher Scientific Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 

Schematics of the two types of tensiometers are shown in Fig. 1. A ring, tube, or rod was attached to the metal spindle of a micrometer to conduct the measurement in one type of balance for the other type, a converter arm was used in conjunction with an electronically controlled stepper motor. A platinum ring furnished by the Fisher Scientific Company was used for the du Nouy ring experiments. The ring had a 9.5366 mm mean radius and a thickness radius of 0.3558 mm. A stainless steel rod of 6.35 mm diameter was used, and two stainless steel tubes with the same value of outside diameter (12.7000 mm) but different wall thicknesses (0.3175 and 0.2591 mm) were used.

In 1904, the first year of operation, the Buick Motor Company sold 37 cars. Durant was involved with Buick after 3 months of its startup. The early years were difficult but 1907 Buick was the second largest carmaker in the country. Durant foresaw the demand for cars when many others did not. He incorporated General Motors in 1908 and bought Oldsmobile, Cadillac and Oakland by 1909. The company acquired part suppliers Champion Spark Plug, Delco and Fisher Body. In 1910, it controlled almost a fourth of the U.S. auto industry. Durant introduced auto air conditioning and started the General Motors Acceptance Corporation to allow cars to be bought on credit. 

Figure 6 Apparatus for determination of vapour pressure by dynamic method, A, Monel boiler provided with central thermometer pocket B, aluminium tube-oven C, coupling linking metal connecting tube to glass D, mercury-filled manometer connected to oil-filled line leading to piston gauge E, glass valve with PTFE stem Fisher and Porter Company, U.S.A.) F, reservoir for introduction of the sample G,H, electrical heater windings K,L, control resistor windings, insulated by suitable wrappings from G and H M, platinum resistance thermometer N, connection to vacuum system...

Historian Curtis Seltzer has written that mine owners preferred to envelop miners in a total environment, the better to control their behavior. Mining became an occupational prison from which there was no escape, upward or outward (Seltzer, 1985 20). But the regime of social control imposed by coal operators was by no means absolute in the company towns of the Appalachian coalfields. The region has a strong tradition of independence and resistance that functioned despite the best efforts of the operators (c.f. Fisher, 1993). 

---