Firm-specific effects

The least squares regression with firm specific effects is... 

Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for customer-specific effects. We find differential responsiveness occasioned by (a) competitor factors (e.g. competitor performance), (b) customer factors (e.g. firm size), (c) company factors (e.g. account team tenure), and (d) relationship factors (e.g. sharing information). Readers are referred to the paper for more complete discussion of the results. 

Avoidance of active concomitant medication is the next important requirement. Such medication constitutes a major artifact because it can markedly weaken the drug—placebo difference. Thus, compared treatments may appear equally efficacious due to the concomitant medication and not any inherent efficacy of the experimental agent. Some studies have used multiple agents, in different doses, with some known to be specifically effective for the disorder under investigation. For example, in some studies, comparing carbamazepine or valproate with placebo or lithium, patients have also received adjunctive antipsychotics, making firm conclusions difficult (see the section Alternative Treatment Strategies in Chapter 10). 

The fact that there are very substantial specific effects suggests that firms are not acting in purely rational ways. What seems more likely is that the fact of being penalised has a certain shock value which serves to focus management attention on questions of health and safety which in turn leads to the real safety improvements which the research demonstrates. This interpretation helps make sense of several of Scholz and Gray s other findings. 

There is increasing evidence that the ionisation of the organic indicators of the same type, and previously thought to behave similarly, depends to some degree on their specific structures, thereby diminishing the generality of the derived scales of acidity. In the present case, the assumption that nitric acid behaves like organic indicators must be open to doubt. However, the and /fp scales are so different, and the correspondence of the acidity-dependence of nitration with so much better than with Hg, that the effectiveness of the nitronium ion is firmly established. The relationship between rates of nitration and was subsequently shown to hold up to about 82 % sulphuric acid for nitrobenzene, />-chloronitrobenzene, phenyltrimethylammonium ion, and p-tolyltrimethylammonium ion, and for various other compounds. ... 

In other efforts, over 100 firms in the United States and Europe have adopted a specific stmctured work process for product/process development, called product/process and cycle time excellence (PACE). In effect, PACE makes new product and new chemical process development a business-driven. 

These surfactants, in conjunction with soap, produce bars that may possess superior lathering and rinsing in hard water, greater lather stabiUty, and improved skin effects. Beauty and skin care bars are becoming very complex formulations. A review of the Hterature clearly demonstrates the complexity of these very mild formulations, where it is not uncommon to find a mixture of synthetic surfactants, each of which is specifically added to modify various properties of the product. Eor example, one approach commonly reported is to blend a low level of soap (for product firmness), a mild primary surfactant (such as sodium cocoyl isethionate), a high lathering or lather-boosting cosurfactant, eg, cocamidopropyl betaine or AGS, and potentially an emollient like stearic acid (27). Such benefits come at a cost to the consumer because these materials are considerably more expensive than simple soaps. 

R D. Returning to our examples, The R D lab, contributes to the long term profitability of the firm (rather than the short term cash flow) by developing and perfecting products and processes. While controlling the costs of R D as a whole is important, the speed at which a specific analytical test can be completed is less important than the speed and success at which a project as a whole can be completed. This relates to the effectiveness of the lab at its overall mission. The ability of a R D lab to quickly and successfully develop products and/or processes and if necessary to protect them through patent actions, may ultimately impact the firm s market share and its profitability. 

Although these results have been interpreted in terms of a specific interaction between catalyst and substrate, the precise catalytic mechanism has not been firmly established. Indeed, the possibility that binding outside of the cavity of 16 leads to effective rate accelerations cannot be eliminated. Nevertheless, these preliminary results suggest that macrocyclic amines may surpass their progenitors, the cycloamyloses, in catalytic efficiency, and indicate a potentially fruitful direction for future research. 

The Office of Toxic Substances has assembled a team of multi-disciplined scientists to review each of these PMNs and assess the potential risks to human health and the environment posed by commercial manufacture and sale. These assessments are based upon limited firm data on the specific chemical, comparison with structurally similar chemicals of known toxicity, plus estimates of exposure from calculations of the potential number of people involved in manufacturing and processing operations and in consumer use. Most PMNs contain elementary data on physical and chemical properties and obvious acute health effect such as skin... 

---