Film development emulsion types

In the biomedical applications outlined by Ward et al. (7 ), more so than in any other separation application of synthetic polymeric membranes, the goal is to mimic natural membranes. Similarly, the development of liquid membranes and biofunctional membranes represent attempts by man to imitate nature. Liquid membranes were first proposed for liquid separation applications by Li (46-48). These liquid membranes were comprised of a thin liquid film stabilized by a surfactant in an emulsion-type mixture. Wtille these membranes never attained widespread commercial success, the concept did lead to immobilized or supported liquid membranes. In... 

Land [388, 409] has developed the diffusion transfer process a stage further, so that it can be used nowadays for normal photography. This involves a type of camera with which exposure and development can be carried out within seconds. Film material has also been introduced which, in speed and performance, can compete with the emulsion types in conventional photography. In this polaroid photography as it is now termed, roll film or film pack can be changed without trouble in daylight. 

Exposure and development of samples of film types with the same emulsion number and out of the same package in BAM. 

Photographic emulsions are sensitized by ionizing radiation resulting in darkening upon development. This is used in the film dosimeter for measurement of 0-, y-, or n-doses. In order to differentiate between various types of radiation, the film is siUTOunded by filters or transfer screens. Although any type of film may be used, special nuclear emulsions have been designed. The dose received is directly proportional to the optical daisity of the exposed film. Film dosimeters are useful in the same range as the pen dosimeter, and both are used for personnel measurements. While the pen dosimeter can be read directly, the film dosimeter requires development. 

---