Filamentous cyanobacteria isolation

Weckesser, J., Hofmann, K., Jurgens, U.J., Whitton, B.A. and Raffelsberger, B. (1988) Isolation and chemical analysis of sheath from the filamentous cyanobacteria Calothrix parietina and C. scopulorum. Journal of General Microbiology 134, 529-634. 

Alkaloid Toxins. Only one alkaloid toxin has been chemically defined from the cyanobacteria. This is the secondary amine, 2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo (4-2-1) non-2-ene, called anatoxin-a. It is isolated from the filamentous strain Anabaena flos-aquae NRG-44-1 (18,19). 

Before molecular tools have been widely available, strains had to be isolated and cultivated to determine toxin production. More recent studies employing either molecular genetics tools such as mcy-specific PCR, mass spectrometry, or immunosorbent assays on single filaments or colonies indicate that a coexistence of multiple clones, a number of which produce MCs, is typical for most water bodies infested with cyanobacteria rather than an exception. ... 

Laamanen, M.J. et al.. Diversity of toxic and nontoxic Nodularia isolates (Cyanobacteria) and filaments from the Baltic Sea, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 61, 4638, 2001. 

Namikoshi, M. Rinehart, K.L. Sakai, R. Sivonen, K. Carmichael, W.W. Stractures of three new cyclic hepato-toxins produced by the cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) Nostoc sp. strain 152. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 6135-6141. Sivonen, K. Carmichael, W.W. Namikoshi, M. Rinehart, M.L. Dahlem, A.M. Niemela, S.I. Isolation and characterization of hepatotoxic microcystin homologues from the filamentous freshwater cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain 152. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1991, 56, 2650-2657. Sivonen, K. Jones, G. In Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water, Chorus, I., Bartram, J., Eds. E FN Spon London, 1999 41. BeU, S.G. Codd, G.A. Cyanobacterial toxins and human health. Rev. Med. Microbiol. 1994, 5, 256-264. 

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