Field-induced three-dimensional

Group 11. The magnetic-field-induced three-dimensional ordered phase of Cu2(C5Hi2N2)2Cl4 has been probed using H NMR spectroscopy. V( Ag P), /( "Ag P) and J( P P) have been observed in the P NMR... 

D, two-dimensional quadmpole field 3D, three-dimensional quadrupole field APCl, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APPI, atmospheric-pressure photoionization ESI, electrospray ionization MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization CID, collision-induced dissociation ETD, electron transfer dissociation. 

There are many other experiments in which surface atoms have been purposely moved, removed or chemically modified with a scanning probe tip. For example, atoms on a surface have been induced to move via interaction with the large electric field associated with an STM tip [78]. A scaiming force microscope has been used to create three-dimensional nanostructures by pushing adsorbed particles with the tip [79]. In addition, the electrons that are tunnelling from an STM tip to the sample can be used as sources of electrons for stimulated desorption [80]. The tuimelling electrons have also been used to promote dissociation of adsorbed O2 molecules on metal or semiconductor surfaces [81, 82]. 

Fond et al. [84] developed a numerical procedure to simulate a random distribution of voids in a definite volume. These simulations are limited with respect to a minimum distance between the pores equal to their radius. The detailed mathematical procedure to realize this simulation and to calculate the stress distribution by superposition of mechanical fields is described in [173] for rubber toughened systems and in [84] for macroporous epoxies. A typical result for the simulation of a three-dimensional void distribution is shown in Fig. 40, where a cube is subjected to uniaxial tension. The presence of voids induces stress concentrations which interact and it becomes possible to calculate the appearance of plasticity based on a von Mises stress criterion. 

---