Field in-plane

Figure 8.13 Hypothetical smectic mesogen with hinge in center of core is illustrated. Such material could in principal switch to ferroelectric state, which we term the SmAPp, upon application of electric field in plane of layers. If this state exists in well on configurational hypersurface, then ground-state structure is antiferroelectric, denoted SmAPA.

Electromagnetic radiation has oscillating electric ( ) and magnetic (H) fields in planes perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation. 

What indications can be provided regarding the pressure field in planes P and P l (Numerical values will be calculated at the end of Question 5.)... 

Chance, Frock and Silbey [28] computed explicit expressions for the normalized decay rates near a metal surface, expanding the dipolar field in plane-waves and considering for each of them the reflection coefficients from the metal substrate ... 

In integrated photoelasticity it is impossible to achieve a complete reconstruction of stresses in samples by only illuminating a system of parallel planes and using equilibrium equations of the elasticity theory. Theory of the fictitious temperature field allows one to formulate a boundary-value problem which permits to determine all components of the stress tensor field in some cases. If the stress gradient in the axial direction is smooth enough, then perturbation method can be used for the solution of the inverse problem. As an example, distribution of stresses in a bow tie type fiber preforms is shown in Fig. 2 [2]. 

Using the described algorithm the flow domain inside the cone-and-plate viscometer is simulated. Tn Figure 5.17 the predicted velocity field in the (r, z) plane (secondary flow regime) established inside a bi-conical rheometer for a non-Newtonian fluid is shown. 

Therefore, in the RF mode, ions transmitted through the rod guide are subjected to (1) an oscillation in step with the variations of the RF field in the x,y-plane, (2) a drift or guided motion caused by the inhomogeneity of the RF field (x,y-plane), and (3) a forward motion (z-direction) due to any initial velocity of the ions on first entering the rod assembly. The separate motions... 

Fig. 7. Fluorescence polarization (FP). (a) The formation of the large FITC—protein A—IgG complex which leads to a net increase in plane polarized light transmitted from the solution. Molecular weights of the protein A-FITC, IgG, and complex are ca 43,000, 150,000, and 343,000, respectively, (b) Detection of IgG by fluorescence polarization immunoassay using A, a laboratory fluorimeter where (O) represents AP = change in polarization, and B, a portable detection unit where (D) is —fiV = change in voltage (27). The field detector proved to be more sensitive than the fluorimeter.

A second study [33] on samples that contain a mixture of nanotubes, together with several percent buckyonion -type structures, was carried out at temperatures between 4.5 and 300 K, and fields between 0 and 5.5 T. The moment M is plotted as a function of field in Fig. 7, for the low-field range, and in Fig. 8 for the high-field range. The field dependence is clearly non-linear, unlike that of graphite, in which both the basal plane and the c-axis moments are linear in field, except for the pronounced de Flaas-van Alphen oscillations at low temperature. 

FIGURE 11.22 Calculated airflow field in a plane through discrete objects. 

Fig. 4.9. The data of Fig. 4.8 are represented in the electric-field, stress plane to show that the anomalous response occurs above a critical stress and critical electric field. The response is found to be due to dielectric loss or shock-induced conduction (after Davison and Graham [79D01]).

Table 2. Calculated energy gap due to an in-plane Kekul distortion for CNTs having chiral vector L/a = (m, 2m). The critical magnetic flux (p. and the corresponding magnetic field are also shown. The coupling constant is A, = 1.62.

Fig. 9. An example of calculated in-plane lattice distortions induced by a high magnetic field (left) and the dependence of the maximum gap due to in-plane lattice distortions on a magnetic field (right).

If we say that, with a given applied field, in unit time this excess consists of n electrons, the current density will be Ne, since we are dealing with unit area. In Fig. 16 let us suppose that the excess flow of electrons is in the downward direction we can then, to show the character of the flow, make the following construction. Parallel to the plane AB, consider a plane CD, also of unit area and let the distance between CD and AB be chosen such that the total number of conduction electrons in the volume between CD and AB at any moment is n. 

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