Fibrous joints

Joints form the sites where bones come together or articulate. Joints are classified by the type of tissue that lies between the bones. Joints with fibrous tissue between the articulating surfaces are called fibrous joints and include the sutures of the skull. Cartilaginous joints are united by hyaline cartilage and are classified into primary and secondary cartilaginous joints. Primary cartilaginous joints do not allow any movement. 

Fig. 18. A schematic presentation of the articulations between the two hemimandibles. A) Before fusion. B) After fusion. C = Meckel s cartilage O = mental ossicle H = hemimandible F = fibrous joint P = primary cartilaginous joint.

Joints are usually divided into three classifications by composition fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Fibrous joints (synarthroses) are connected by dense fibrous tissue. Their motions are greatly limited. Commonly, they are found in the skull. The cranial articular surfaces are irregular, yet they form specific suture match and interlock. They are joined together by fibrous tissue, which is very firm and practically fills the joint space. This type of articulation allows greater motion in infants, with gradual reduced motility with aging. 

Meikle, M. C., J. J. Reynolds, A. Sellers, and J. T. Dingle. 1979. Rabbit cranial sutures in vitro A new experimental model for studying the response of fibrous joints to mechanical stress. Calcif Tissue Int 28 137-44. 

Joints are stmcturaHy unique. They permit bodily movement and are bound together by fibrous tissues known as ligaments. Most larger joints are encapsulated in a bursa sac and surrounded by synovial fluid which lubricates the joint continuously to reduce friction. The skeleton is constmcted of various types of moveable joints. Some joints allow for no movement, such as those connecting the bones of the skull. Other joints permit only limited movement. For example, the joints of the spine allow limited movement in several directions. Most joints have a greater range of motion than the joints of the skull and spine. 

The body s frame or skeleton is constmcted as a set of levers powered or operated by muscle tissue. A typical muscle consists of a central fibrous tissue portion, and tendons at either end. One end of the muscle, known as the head, is attached to tendon tissue, which is attached to bone that is fixed, and known as the point of origin. The other end of the muscle is attached to a tendon. This tendon is attached to bone that is the moving part of the joint. This end of the muscle is known as the insertion end. An example is the bicep muscle which is coimected to the humems bone of the upper arm at its head or origin. The insertion end of the muscle is coimected to the radius bone of the forearm, otherwise known as the moving part of the elbow joint. 

Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa, the fluid-filled sac near the joint where the tendons and muscles pass over the bone. The bursa assists with movement by reducing friction between joints. Tendonitis (also known as tendinitis) is an inflammation of the tendon or, more specifically, the fibrous sheath that attaches muscle to bone.3 Tenosynovitis is an inflammation of the tendon sheath. 

When planted closely, Cannabis tends to develop fibrous qualities and to stretch taller. (Cannabis produces about four times as much useful fiber per acre as saplings.) To promote resin development, it is best to keep seedlings at least six feet apart. Nourished by humus or other sources of nitrates and by a fair amount of light and water, the yield can be close to eight or nine tons of resinous flowers and leaves per acre—about a kilogram per square meter—or enough for about fifteen million joints. 

Tendons are bundles of tough connective tissue fibers that connect muscle to bone. They vary in length and size depending on where they are in the body (and whose body it is). Ligaments are short bundles of fibrous tissue in and around joints. They stabilize the joint by keeping the bones in position both during movement and at rest. Both tendons and ligaments have been used as... 

Fig. la-d Particles collected in and outside residential houses in Brisbane and examined with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyser attached to a transmission electron microscope, a There are three big particles two lighter particles, with dominant elements S, Ca, O and Mg, and one darker particle, with dominant elements Ca, S, Na, O and Mg. b There are two big particles, with dominant elements C, Cl, Na, Mg, K and O. The particles are probably fine pieces of insect body or plant material, c There are two types of particles, a square particle (NaCl crystal) and many big fibrous particles,with dominant elements Ca, S,Na, O and Mg. d There are many particles jointed together in this picture, with dominant elements Fe, Ph and Si. The particles are probably from vehicle emissions... 

Proprioception—A sense or perception, usually at a subconscious level, of the movements and position of the body and especially its limbs, independent of vision this sense is gained primarily from input from sensory nerve terminals in muscles and tendons and the fibrous capsule of joints combined with input from the vestibular apparatus. 

---