FIAT

Dedicated Vehicles. Only Brazil and California have continued implementing alcohols in the transportation sector. The BraziUan program, the largest alternative fuel program in the world, used about 7.5% of oil equivalent of ethanol in 1987 (equivalent to 150,000 bbl of cmde oil per day). In 1987 about 4 million vehicles operated on 100% ethanol and 94% of all new vehicles purchased that year were ethanol-fueled. About 25% of Brazil s light-duty vehicle fleet (10) operate on alcohol. The leading BraziUan OEMs are Autolatina (a joint venture of Volkswagen and Ford), GM, and Fiat. Vehicles are manufactured and marketed in Brazil. 

High Pressure Hydrogenation at Ludwigshafen-Heidelberg," Vol. IA, FIAT Final Repod No. 1317, ATI No. 92,762, Central Air Documents Office, Dayton, Ohio, 1951. 

Although these composite fibers were developed for reverse osmosis their acceptance in the desalination industry has been limited due to insufficient selectivity and oxidative stabiUty. The concept, however, is extremely viable composite membrane fiat films made from interfacial polymerisation (20) have gained wide industry approval. HoUow fibers using this technique to give equivalent properties and life, yet to be developed, should be market tested during the 1990s. 

After a suitable number of pulses have been acquired, the time-domain spectmm is transformed into a frequency-domain spectmm and phased so that the base line of the spectmm is fiat and the peaks all fall on the same (positive) side of the base line. Information obtainable from this spectmm includes chemical shifts, coupling constants, and integrated peak areas. 

Letterpress. Letterpress is the oldest and, until the mid-1960s, the dominant and most versatile printing process. As of the 1990s, it is used mainly in high quaUty design work, fine books, and quaUty stationery. Unlike Hthography, which prints best on coated papers, letterpress can print on any paper, provided that the paper is of even thickness, fiat, and reasonably rigid. 

The fire assay, the antecedents of which date to ancient Egypt, remains the most rehable method for the accurate quantitative determination of precious metals ia any mixture for concentrations from 5 ppm to 100%. A sample is folded iato silver-free lead foil cones, which are placed ia bone-ash cupels (cups) and heated to between 1000 and 1200°C to oxidize the noimoble metals. The oxides are then absorbed iato a bone-ash cupel (ca 99%) and a shiny, uniformly metaUic-colored bead remains. The bead is bmshed clean, roUed fiat, and treated with CP grade nitric acid to dissolve the silver. The presence of trace metals ia that solution is then determined by iastmmental techniques and the purity of the silver determined by difference. 

W. C. Gardiner, Office of Technical Services Report PT-44761, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1946 Pield Information Agency, Technical (FIAT) Final Report 820. 

FIAT (FieldInformation Ageny Technical) Microfilm 764, H. M. Stationery Office, London, 1946, reels 82CC, 92AA, and 186C. 

Bragg-Brentano Powder Diffractometer. A powder diffraction experiment differs in several ways from a single-crystal diffraction experiment. The sample, instead of being a single crystal, usually consists of many small single crystals that have many different orientations. It may consist of one or more crystalline phases (components). The size of the crystaUites is usually about 1—50 p.m in diameter. The sample is usually prepared to have a fiat surface. If possible, the experimenter tries to produce a sample that has a random distribution of crystaUite orientations. 

The whirlpool was introduced in the early 1960s (Fig. 8). The tank is cylindrical with a fiat bottom its diameter in ratio to height is usually 1 1.4. The hot wort is led tangentially into the tank, approximately in the middle of its side. 

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