Ferric Chloride Cost

Table 8.14 Ferric chloride cost as a function of dosage for a 1000 j day plant capacity.

A water quality parameter (WQP), which considers colloid, organics and salt rejection, was established for the membranes investigated. A linear relationship between WQP and log pore diameter was found. Finally, a complete cost analysis was replaced by the evaluation of A) membrane cost as a function of dean water flux and operation at fouled conditions, B) WQP as a function of membrane cost, C) ferric chloride cost, and D) energy costs. 

Other acetyl chloride preparations include the reaction of acetic acid and chlorinated ethylenes in the presence of ferric chloride [7705-08-0] (29) a combination of ben2yl chloride [100-44-7] and acetic acid at 85% yield (30) conversion of ethyUdene dichloride, in 91% yield (31) and decomposition of ethyl acetate [141-78-6] by the action of phosgene [75-44-5] producing also ethyl chloride [75-00-3] (32). The expense of raw material and capital cost of plant probably make this last route prohibitive. Chlorination of acetic acid to monochloroacetic acid [79-11-8] also generates acetyl chloride as a by-product (33). Because acetyl chloride is cosdy to recover, it is usually recycled to be converted into monochloroacetic acid. A salvage method in which the mixture of HCl and acetyl chloride is scmbbed with H2SO4 to form acetyl sulfate has been patented (33). 

Copper etchants do not directly influence the electroless plating process, but are used merely to remove unwanted copper, and should not affect the deposit properties. The costs of waste treatment and disposal have led to disuse of throw-away systems such as chromic—sulfuric acid, ferric chloride, and ammonium persulfate. Newer types of regenerable etchants include cupric chloride, stabilized peroxide, and proprietary ammoniacal etchant baths. 

However, this method is appHed only when esterification cannot be effected by the usual acid—alcohol reaction because of the higher cost of the anhydrides. The production of cellulose acetate (see Fibers, cellulose esters), phenyl acetate (used in acetaminophen production), and aspirin (acetylsahcyhc acid) (see Salicylic acid) are examples of the large-scale use of acetic anhydride. The speed of acylation is greatiy increased by the use of catalysts (68) such as sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, phosphoms pentoxide, 2inc chloride, ferric chloride, sodium acetate, and tertiary amines, eg, 4-dimethylaminopyridine. 

Ferric chloride, FeCl HjO This coagulant tends to be a very low-cost product. Typically, it is supplied as a = 40% by-product solution with a dose rate of 10 to 150 ppm, as received. It performs... 

Catalysis. An apparent characteristic of many alkylation and dealkylation reactions is their initial slowness, and it has been necessary to resort to catalysis to make the reactions proceed at a rate that will be commercially feasible. Mineral acids, such as sulfuric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric, are widely employed as are aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, boron fluoride, etc. With a wide variety of catalysts and alkylating agents to choose from, the choice of agents to use will depend on the relative costs and the reaction rates which will result. 

Ferric chloride is used in MF and UF to increase rejection. In Chapter 7 it has been demonstrated that ferric chloride can also be used to reduce fouling in NF. In this section the effect on rejection, flux, and the cost of such a pretreatment are compared. 

The cost of ferric chloride on treatment is determined by consumption of FeCl 3. The cost of ferric chloride depends on location of the treatment plant (transport cost), quality of the ferric chloride (solid/liquid/imported/purity) and quantity purchased. Quoted prices (per kg FeCl 3) ranged from about 0,29 US /kg for a 20 ton local delivery of liquid FeCls to US 7.10/kg for imported, high purity and low quantity FeCl3. It should be noted here that experiments in this smdy were performed with analytical grade FeCls. The impurities in FeCls produced from spent pickle liquor from iron and steel production may not be of concern when used for conventional treatment, but for membrane applications this effect should be investigated. For this reason both ends of the range are used for comparison. 

Table 8. 15 Membrane cost as a Junction of ferric chloride dosage 1000 j day plant capacity.

Figure 8.13 Membrane cost as a function of WQP. Membranes with no ferric chloride as shown in Figure 8.12. 1-GVWP high flux and 30kDa UF, 2-10 and 100 kDa UF, 3-GVWP low flux, 4-TFC-SK...

The ferric chloride concentration in the waste stream varies from 20 g to 5 kg, depending on dosage and recovery. A high consumption of ferric chloride should be avoided, not only for cost, but also for environmental reasons. 

Very interestingly the cost for ferric chloride dosage is identical to the energy cost for RO treatment. This means that if a high ferric chloride dosage is required a process of MF or UF is not necessarily more economic than NF. This somewhat contradicts the common assumption that energy costs of tighter membranes are prohibitive. 

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