Far-held optical microscopy

The 2 -resolution of any standard far-held light microscope is at least three times poorer than that in the focal plane which is particularly limited in 3D-imaging transparent objects such as cells. Therefore, in the quest for nanoscale resolution in far-held optical microscopy, it was most natural to start out with the axial resolution problem. 

The practical z-resolution increase from 400-800 nm down to 70-150 nm, i.e., by 3-7-fold, constituted the hrst substantial resolution improvement in far-held optical microscopy in many decades [48,51-53,63]. As a result, 4Pi and I M imaging most visibly challenged the notion of the time that far-held resolution was a closed matter and near-held optics the only way to go. 

GSD microscopy has been shown to image immunolabeled protein clusters on the plasma membrane of hxed cells with Ar = 50-90 nm resolution using a CW laser power of a few kilowatt per square centimeter [105]. However, plain GSD microscopy is currently challenged by the fact that the repeated population of the triplet state or similar dark states augments photobleaching [105]. Nonetheless, this early concept was important for the development of far-held optical nanoscopy for a number of reasons. First, it highlighted... 

Super-Resolution Optical Far-Held Microscopy, Theory, and Applications in Polymer Studies... 

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