Fabricating nonlinear optical

Composite materials formed by nanometer-sized metal particles embedded in dielectrics have a growing interest o wing to the large values of fast optical Ken-susceptibility, whose real part is related to the intensity-dependent refractive index 2 [ ] Ion implantation has been shown to produce a high density of metal nanoparticles (MN) in glasses [2], The high-precipitate volume fraction and small size of MN leads to giant value of the [3]. This stimulates an interest in the use of ion implantation to fabricate nonlinear optical materials. 

This manuscript describes the dendritic macromolecules for optical and optoelectronic apph-cations, particularly stimulated emission, laser emission, and nonlinear optics. Dendrimers have been designed and synthesized for these applications based on simple concepts. A coreshell structure, through the encapsulation of active imits by dendritic branches, or a cone-shaped structure, through the step-by-step reactions of active imits, can provide particular benefits for the optical high-gain media and nonlinear optical materials. It also described experimental results that support the methods presented for designing and fabricating functionalized dendrimers for optoelectronic applications, and theoretical results that reveal the intermolecular electronic effect of the dendritic structure. 

Kuebler SM, Rumi M (2004) Nonlinear optics - applications three-dimensional micro fabrication. In Guenther RD, Steel DG, Bayvel L (eds) Encyclopedia of modem optics. Oxford,... 

A novel second-order nonlinear optical medium which should offer considerable fabrication flexibility has been described. The physics of alignment of the highly nonlinearly polarizable moiety was discussed. However, observation of complex dynamical and thermal behavior indicates that an important role is played by the polymer liquid crystalline host. Additional properties of modified members of this family of lc polymers were consequently investigated. The explanations of guest alignment stabilization and thermal dependence of the alignability remain unresolved issues. 

The remaining sections outline recent findings on the optical properties of metal-dendrimer nano-composites. The sections have been organized into areas of interest related to the fabrication as well as photophysical properties of these new and important materials. The first section discusses some of the important issues concerning the fabrication of these novel materials and their chemical characterization. The second section discusses the linear and nonlinear optical properties of these materials. The third section provides details related to the ultrafast emission properties of gold- and silver-dendrimer nanocomposites. 

Film fabrication -for nonlinear optical matenals (NONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALS] (Vol 17)... 

Two of the most important nonlinear optical (NLO) processess, electro-optic switching and second harmonic generation, are second order effects. As such, they occur in materials consisting of noncentrosymmetrically arranged molecular subunits whose polarizability contains a second order dependence on electric fields. Excluding the special cases of noncentrosymmetric but nonpolar crystals, which would be nearly impossible to design from first principles, the rational fabrication of an optimal material would result from the simultaneous maximization of the molecular second order coefficients (first hyperpolarizabilities, p) and the polar order parameters of the assembly of subunits. (1)... 

This investigation shows that an organized assembly ranging from isolated molecules to expanded structures stabilized inside a sodalite host matrix (Figure 1) can be readily fabricated out of a material that is normally a I-VII semiconductor. The (8-2n)Na,2nAg,2X-SOD sodalites might find applications as electronically tunable nonlinear optical materials (see later). 

Nagamura describes in Chapter 9 the fabrication and properties of supramolecular and polymeric systems that display unique linear and nonlinear optical response. Such materials may find application in high-density information processing systems of the future. Chapter 10, by Shinkai and James, describes the properties of supramolecular photoswitchable ion receptors. Finally, in Chapter 11, Ishikawa and Ye discuss the application of state-of-the art fluorescence methods to explore the properties of polymers with nm-scale resolution. 

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