Fabric finishing techniques treatments

Another fire-related problem that has seen some research effort is that of smolder resistance of upholstery and bedding fabrics. Finishing techniques have been developed to make cotton smolder-resistant (152—156), but the use of synthetic barrier fabrics appears to provide a degree of protection. Work also has provided a means of producing cotton fabrics that have both smooth-dry and flame-retardant performance (150,151). In this case, the appHcation of FR treatment should be performed first, and DP treatment should be modified to accommodate the presence of the FR polymer on the fabric. 

Wool Wool, though not as flammable as cotton, still needs flame retardation for specific applications, e.g., carpets, upholstered furniture in transport, etc. Ammonium phosphates and polyphosphate, boric acid-borax, and ammonium bromide can be successfully used in nondurable FR finishes for wool. Various commercial products have been reviewed by Horrocks.3 The most successful durable treatment for wool is Zirpro, developed by Benisek, which involves exhaustion of negatively charged complexes of zirconium or titanium onto positively charged wool fibers under acidic conditions at 60°C. The treatment can be applied to wool at any processing stage from loose fiber to fabric using exhaustion techniques. 

Interworked structures have been produced by various tools and techniques. What appear to be identical structures may have been executed by different tools and techniques. Moreover, identical fabric structures may present entirely different appearances and handles because of (a) the use of dissimilar materials, (b) the use of different tension during the manufacturing process, or (c) postfabrication treatment such as finishing, dyeing, and laundering. 

Problems associated with the use of prepreg for composite fabrication included a high bulk factor and difficulties in obtaining an optimum resin pre-cure to ensure correct consolidation. One approach was to use pressure assisted resin injection, where a fiber preform contained in a mold was evacuated and a fairly mobile resin pumped in under pressure [64]. To help maintain the accurate alignment of the fiber in the perform, it was held in place by a resin binder made of about 4% polysulfone applied as a solution in methylene chloride, drying to remove solvent and then followed by a short treatment at 320° C to fuse the polysulfone onto the fiber. Next, a laminate of primed sheets was prepared, which was about 2.5 times the bulk volume of the finished composite (i.e., when compressed at 0.65 f/). Two techniques were used to consolidate a preform. 

Examples of the basic chemistry involved in such polymerizations is shown in Fig. 2. In conventional SLA tools, the laser heam diameter is typically on the order of 100 p, in size and the focused heam has a large depth of focus such that a relatively consistent heam diameter can he maintained as the heam is scanned across large areas of the vat. After the first layer of the object is polymerized, the elevator is lowered down by some small incremental distance into the vat, the liquid resin is allowed to flow over the top of the first layer, and the laser is scanned over the surface to initiate polymerization of the second layer of the part in this new resin layer. This process is repeated over-and-over for each layer of the part until the object is completed. Once the object has been made, the part is raised from the resin vat on the elevator, drained and washed of the unreacted photocurable resin, and subjected to various treatments to finish hardening the object. The first commercially available SLA system was produced by 3D Systems in 1987 and SL is now a widely used technique in industries such as automotive and aerospace. In these industries, SL was originally used to fabricate an array of objects from basic design verification parts to show and tell objects at low cost before significant more expense was invested to mass produce or make any actual application-ready mechani-... 

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